The Cost-Benefit of Well Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cost-Benefit of Well Employees - Essay ExampleIndeed, the recommendations are pertinent and plausible although any(prenominal) are quite difficult to get implemented.It is essential for strategic planners of a business enterprise to minify its long run health care costs and per employee expenditures by ensuring hygienic, rubber eraser, nutritious and secure food draw a blank at canteens and organizations cafeterias. Although, the short-run costs would be high since employers have to make commodious investments and to subsidize these products to make them affordable for employees. Yet, it is worthwhile to mention that it would reduce total organizational health budgets and emergence of disease affected employees while simultaneously result in higher productivity and efficiency. However, workers suffering from inherited, sexually transmitted or other diseases (including Aids, Cancer, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Brain Tumor, Kidney problem, diabetes etc) are excluded from this li st as they need cure / health check treatment on regular basis. Firms can take a mandatory comprehensive medical ladder to prevent their entrance. The second recommendation would be quite useful as it would help creating a safe and healthy working environment that would be beneficial for all employees. Quite unequivocally, addiction to detrimental take habit is attributable to aggressive persuasive advertising by Tobacco companies, which are inclined to suck benefits at the expense of others. It is impossible for addicts or occasional smokers (who are likewise workers) to completely get give up of Smoking. Similarly, companies may also not influence their employees to give up smoking even after conducting inter-organizational campaigns, nature development, training and health hazards programs. Hence, at least they could force workers to kick the habit outside the workplaces, thereby also hampering non0smokers from getting interested in Smoking.Without any doubt, Health is Wea lth. A healthy, physically

GDP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

gross domestic product - Assignment ExampleSubsequently, assuming an increase in the real GDP per person, the rise in the real national GDP would indicate that the standards of living for the citizens has go up too. This is in consideration of the ownership of material things such as shelter, food and clothing which are sound to wellbeing. The increased standard of living could also be as a result of the enhanced security, glide slope to safe water, justice, access to medical care and a safe environment. However, more of these turnouts are more easy obtained by using fewer resources to produce more goods (Mankiw, 2007).The use of GDP as a rate of economic well-being has several limitations. First, it results in changes in quality of products by including new goods that replace sure-enough(a) products. Second, it does not consider the leisure time or how hard people work to produce output thus, alikely to understate change in real income. Third, GDP does not recognize the unde rground delivery (non-market production) involving cash transactions and barter trades conducted outside the recorded marketplaces (Mankiw, 2007). Fourth, GDP ignores the harmful side effects of goods (economic bads) like pollution in its statistics by counting them the same as goods, as well as GDP places no value on the environmental costs of the

Art in the Age of Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Art in the historic period of Revolution - Essay Examplelieving in this idea, the Realists recorded in often resolute aspects of the current solar day survival of modest people that paralleled with the associated movements in the naturalist literature of Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, and Gustave Flaubert. The assessment of the working class into the surface area of high art and literature overlapped with the collective philosophies of Pierre Proudhon and Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, which were published in the course of study 1848 and led to an urge of manual revolution (Nineteenth-Century french pragmatism, 2012). Gustave Courbet was a great French painter and he developed the term Realism in art to sum up a fashion of mental picture that emerged in France after the 1848 Revolution. The painters and sculptors who followed Realism wanted to express neither magnificence nor attractiveness. Rather it was all ordinariness that they were focused into. Artists of the time compl etely surveyed the limits of this artistic notion. Popular artists like Auguste Rodin succeeded in initiating this heroicism in their works. The mid ordinal century school of French Realism was an introduction for numerous other movements of the modern art related to to Realism that appeared later in the twentieth century. Social Realism was also included in these movements (Artists of the Realism School (c. 1840-1900), n.d.). Socialist Realism in Modern Art In the field of modern art, the concept of Social Realism is conventionally linked with interwar American art. It provided remarks on social, economic, and political conditions that existed during an era of Depression. in that location were ii movements of modern art that could be associated with a left-wing character. These were the American Social Realism and Soviet-inspired Socialist Realism. There had been significant events that... From the above study, it can be very well concluded that during the mid nineteenth centu ry, French artists had significantly given rise to the revolution involving Realism in their art and avoided Romanticism. The main purpose of this scheme was to bring out the lives of the common people of their times in the representations and portrayals of the arts and paintings as well as literature. This can be considered to have an association with the social aspect of lives as well since the depictions would communicate around message or the other in regard to the human lives and their society. This author talks that Realism is a form of presenting the work of art in which different issues are portrayed in as frank a way as feasible, exclusive of romanticizing them and without any rules of formal artistic theory being followed. This root makes a conclusion that the label of Socialist was not much obtained in the movement and Realism was considered more(prenominal) suitable to the movement and the acts of the artists as represented through their works. Thus, as far as the m ovement is refer it can be said that the French Art in the mid nineteenth century had taken significant measures towards their society trying to focus and represent their conditions through their paintings and creations but the label of socialist exponent not been involved or attached to realism to great extents in this regard, although their works did have socialist message for the world.

The Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology Coursework

The Changing inter take onion of Finance, Information and Technology - Coursework ExampleThis has raised questions on the efficiency of the IT departments of companies in carrying out the requirements as stipulated in the act. There were also criticisms astir(predicate) the failure of SOX act in various aspects related to the IT. This paper handle about the impact of S-OX act on the IT department and a review about the various aspects about the act. IT supports the corporations drive to comply with SOX by securing and protecting financial data on the network. (Networkinstruments.com, 2011) The flake requires the companies to impart the compliance process as an integrated business process. The Act also requires continuous take a chance management and also regular checks about the IT control measures that are put into place as per the Act. The act also put additional accountability on the officers or firm which attests that the companies financial reports are dead on target and r epresents the present state of the firm. The relevant components for the S-OX are internal environment, Risk assessment, Control activities, Information and communication and Monitoring. (COSO framework) Sarbanes Oxley Act- murder and Impact upon IT departments In run to implement the act effectively, it is very crucial to keep the program terms effective and also sustainable. There should be a cost-effective process in place to furnish a greater transparency into the infrastructure and control measures to assure the correctness of the financial reports. In order to keep a continuous track on the system it is very much important that only the processes must be automatized and sustainable. When we try to understand the impact of S-OX on IT departments, we need to keep in mind that the act was primarily created for the detection of accounting fraud, make the higher management accountable for the malpractices if every in the organization. The IT comes into picture where it assist s the financial practices undertaken in picture. Since all transactions would be recorded in the full computerized work environment and also all the audit processes would be recorded, the role of IT comes in. They are responsible for charge a tab of all the transaction and audit and to retrieve these data when it is required. This essentially means that the obligate created on IT departments is not a direct result of the implementation of S-OX act, since the act is focussed on the surgical disclosure of the financial statements and making the people accountable for their actions. The pressure on the IT departments is coming from within the telephoner as it is the only department which can realistically overview and keep a continuous track of the activities of a firm. Companies are increasingly turning to technology in their Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance efforts in order to automate internal controls or streamline their activities, according to new research and interviews last we ek with corporate executives. (Hoffman, 2005) Involving IT would care to reduce the time and efforts that needed to create the compliance reports at quarterly and annually. This would also reduce the be involved in the process. Benefits to IT department while adopting the Sarbanes Oxley Act The turn a profits of the Act cannot be limited as benefit to IT department alone. Since the positives would finally impact the performance of the company.

The differences between primary school in England and Saudi Arabia Essay

The differences in the midst of primary school in England and Saudi Arabia - Essay ExampleThe extent to which the models and theories of teaching build begin for children has elicited interests among the researchers. The outlines of education in Saudi Arabia and England offer different levels of experience because educators in both countries put on different models of educational transmission.Experience constitutes the aspects of intellect and consciousness, which children acquire when they undergo learning processes. They constitute a conspiracy of thought processes, emotion, will, perception and imagination (Rowe, Herrera, Hughes, & Cawley, 2012). The models used by teachers to transmit knowledge to primary school children generally determine the extent to which learners acquire desirable experiences in education. Superior experience refers to the ability of one education system having a higher potential to enhance childrens learning than the other system. Models of educatin g children are characterised by diverse features and are applicable in different contexts. Factors that lead to best experience include the educations system of a country, the content of the curriculum, and learners autonomy further details concerning these factors are discussed in the analysis part.Models that promote superior experience enhance development of children across all spectrum of life including economic, social, and political aspects (Bloxham & Boyd, 2012). Superior experience is achieved finished educators and curriculum developers focusing on all dimensions of develops taxonomic units when developing and executing the curriculum. Blooms taxonomy consists of cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. Additionally, superior experience results from having courses developed by educators who ensure the reality of primary classrooms (Schneider, 2013). Experienced educators have the potential for reviewing and updating courses regularly to ensure activiti es,

Should women be banned from wearing veils in public Essay

Should women be banned from wearing masks in public - Essay Exampleinst and for it, the following analysis will discuss the issue of the reflexion veil and attempt to draw a conclusion with regards to whether or not it should be allowed at bottom good example Western society.Firstly, the most salient argument against outlawing the veil in public is concentric upon individual casualness and discrimination against Muslims. Although there are certainly a number of nations that can be considered as representative of Western democracy, a core similarity that exists between all of these nations is a certain percentage pass of self-determination and free will within the confines of the existing law. By and large, personal liberty is a complement of all of these democracies. As such, those individuals that argue against a ban on the facial veil point to the fact that such a ban is inherently against the liberty and founding principles of the societies in question. Moreover, due to th e events of the gone several decades, there is already a high level of distrust, suspicion, and oftentimes, right hatred, or Muslim individuals within society. Accordingly, those who argue against a band point to the fact that restricting the natural behavior of individuals, regardless of their apparitional interpretation, would only lead to a further escalation with regards to the hatred and distrust that are oftentimes placed against Muslim communities throughout the West.By means of comparison and contrast, those individuals that argue against allowing the veil in public, and promote the belief that it should be outlawed, also point to fundamental rights and interpretations of liberty and freedom as the backbone of their arguments. For instance, those in favor of a band point to the fact that womens rights are inherently guaranteed with regards to the democratic principles that define governance. As such, by restricting the mobility and potential level of integration that women can exhibit within society, a facial veil is tantamount to a level of second-class

Family business research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family line of merchandise search - Essay ExampleRathgeber and Richard N. Dino. COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE COMMON ISSUES FACED BY FAMILY BUSINESSES IN DIFFERENT NATIONS sequence Planning. Study of the Australian family businesses also revealed that formal ownership and solicitude succession homework remains to be a less considered option in many family businesses, wherein more than a half of the total family business proprietors tend to engage in estate provision following the footsteps of their senior family members. With regards to the family businesses operating in the US, the fall over report found that 39% of respondents need to worry about their business succession plan and future tense sustainability plan, where less than 50% of the family businesses are able to constrict their managerial control within the descendants of the certain proprietor. Consequently, the travel along results depicted that in the US, the well-nigh challenging issue faced by family businesse s is succession cookery (as ranked by 52% of the total cogitation respondents) as compared to the Australian family business and other(a)s (Rathgeber and Dino 9-18). Strategic Planning. The other most important issue commonly faced by the family businesses is strategic planning. As per the recent survey report of Rathgeber and Dino, it was found that in the US based family businesses, strategic planning (which is ranked as the most challenging issue by 20% of the US respondents) is considered to be one of the biggest issues. Reflecting a similar scenario, in Australia, the issue related to strategic planning, is also referred as the key issue in family businesses (Rathgeber and Dino 9-18). Comparatively, in the survey conducted by KPMG, it has been evidently revealed that in the global context, the family business owners tend to focus on the strategic planning issues very frequently as compared to other managerial challenges. Building a good strategic planning is very much signifi cant for the family business owners in any country, wherein most entrepreneurs (especially those belonging to the previous generation) demonstrate deficiency in terms of having adequate knowledge regarding the changing requirements of businesses at corporate levels in the twenty-first century (International Centre For Families In Business 1-7 KPMG 6-12). Governance. From the survey report of KPMG it was also found that 80% of the manful members hold this position rather than women in Australia, which apparently depicts a gender based segregation die hard in this particular realm of the global business world that imposes considerable effects on their cheek systems (6-12). Comparatively, although the top level decision makers in family businesses commonly involve the male members of the family, middle level management positions, such as General Managers and member of the mid-level management team involves approximately 30% of females in Australian family businesses unlike the US a nd the UK, where parity in gender bases are more apparent in the managerial positions of family businesses governance structure (International Centre For Families In Business 1-7 KPMG 6-12). Conflicts. Survey report conducted by Rathgeber and Dino revealed that in the US, conflicts oppose around 24% of the respondents of the family

PEST analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PEST analysis - Essay ExampleThe external environment consists of four main factors, political, economic, neighborly and technological (Dubrin, 2012). These factors atomic number 18 collectively known as PEST. These factors appear as opportunities for the institution while it is in like manner possible that at certain point in time, they pose threats. The schemes need to keep a unvarying eye upon these four factors to stay profitable and at times for core survival. The paper discusses close to these factors and their influences upon the organisations policies, functions and profitability. governmental Aspects of External Environment The political aspect of external environment is relate to the government laws, legislations, rules, polices and other supranational principles that are enforced from time to time. These factors supersede all local and organisational doctrines and every organisation is bound to copy them for its existence (DAnieri, 2009). The common example of t his factor is tariff guidelines, tax rates, employment laws (Collins, 2010) and trade quotas. Every organisation needs to cater for all these points to comply with the regulation. The non-compliance poses the most serious threat and organisations take years to invent the law suits filed against them because of violation of laws. Many government policies are related to foreign direct investment and jaw certain restrictions on the ownership rights of the backup. Particularly in the Gulf States, ownership of real-estate resources by foreigners is banned. It creates insecurity for the business concerns while they plan to invest in these countries. Another point of concern in this regard is somewhat the balance sheet of the organisation that has strong financial position but cannot own the land and twist which automatically decreases their assets side. In the present business era, globalization has removed many barriers and the free movement of capital, goods and fag has become a p ractice. The employment laws are relaxed about hiring expatriates and it is increasing the level of diversity in the organisation (Barak, 2011). There are certain Acts which ensure formal protection of employees rights. This situation has raised many challenges to the organisations. Ensuring rejoicing of a diverse workforce on the grounds of equitable treatment is not childs play. Every employee has different needs and it is no surprise that ones interest harms the benefit of others. The organisations allow to ensure that a win-win condition is met all the time (Vent, 2009). There are regulations related to minimum lock which affect the organisations cost structure and in turn the profit margins. There are certain guidelines about employment quota of local and foreign employees, it forces organisations to compromise over the talented pool and hire the one who may not be at par in educational and professional requirements. The political aspects are related with the performance of stock exchange as well. Stock exchange is the most volatile sector of the frugality which is influenced by every news and event in any corner of the world. The riots and political stability in one country negatively affects the market value of the companies which belong to that country no matter they are registered with some international stock exchange like London Stock Exchange or red-hot York Stock Exchange. Economic Aspects of External Environment The affect of economic aspects in the external environment is as evident as the

HCI Reading Journal - Journal #3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HCI Reading Journal - Journal 3 - Research Paper Example agree to Heim (2008), this can be done by putting oneself in the substance abusers shoes to be adapted to understand their needs and requirements. Secondly, know the users for which the user interface is intended. By studying them, you leave be able to develop a seamless interface that adequately meets the user needs.Since my project involves creating a user interface for a sales system, I saw it prudent to visit rough of the sites. As a user of this interface I found it so easy to choose a product after some suggestions such as most viewed, most purchased, dont miss, most popular among other apocalyptic tags. From this I learnt that items with suggestive tags will have a high chance of being viewed and even purchased. Therefore, as a user interface designer, one must consider the possibility of aggregating related mental object in one interface to ease navigation of the user (Dillon, 2003).Most users will seldom dwell on the layout and the structure of the interface but will go straight to the content. According to Dillon (2003), in order to in effect engage users of an interface, the designer must get the content of the interface right. One could have a improve design for an interface with shallow content that will not effectively the client. Design is a drawing card but the content is what keeps the user coming back again and again. I tried to compare surrounded by the design interface for two social sites Face book and Twitter. Face book has a to a greater extent interactive interface that has options for posts, messages, image and video communication. On the other hand twitter is simple with few graphic but more messaging. However, despite the differences the two sites have almost equal users due to the content in each interface.Most designers will think users have no idea or will not realize some(prenominal) aspects of the user interface. This is not the case in the current society. Users visit several sites and interact with man interfaces on a daily basis. In this

Shipboard Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shipboard Management - Essay vitrineWhen the ship is tilted the life boats can non be released, so the warning system must alert passengers before the tilt takes place. In this condition the passengers did not understand the advantage of taking life rafts and habit the life vests on the ship. By the time they understood the situation is out of control. The life rafts were not easy to use and board. They over turned when used by the passengers. It is difficult to assemble them by the plurality on board. This did not ensure any protection to passengers at the time of accident The supervision regarding the sentry go measures was not up to mark as some rafts were checked repeatedly and some were leftover without checking. This caused the destroying the roofs of the rafts for identification by the rescue helicopters. As there are many people to be rescued the number of helicopters did not comply with the need. They were over crowded. The number of rescue crew that came with the heli copters was not decent when compared to the number of people to be rescued.The investigation through the video tapes revealed the bow door failure. The failure was due to separation of it from the ferry. The ramp and screen of the bow were damaged and there is no supervision regarding it. This disturbed practice safety measures instruction execution. The video monitoring that should be done was limited to some part of the vessel exclusively and the bow door and the adjacent parts were not monitored by it. The monitoring of the video was up to that completion save that it is useful after the accident to estimate that up to how more than extent and in how much time the water entered the vessel. 1The crew in operation also did not know or so these lapses. Had they know it, they might have reversed the ship which could have avoided the accident by sinking in deep water. This reveals the communication gap between the administration of the ship and crew in operation.After this a joint agreement between different states took place to influence and amend the administrative issues regarding the prohibition of inspection. non only did the investigations about the sinking of the vessel, the investigation set a stage for enacting further safety measures on board of every vessel. The commissioner for wrecks, Mr Justice Sheen stated that it was the duty f the officer loading the main vehicle deck to see that the bow doors were safe and secure before leaving the harbour. Not only in this case the commissioner shew after this investigation that this safety instruction was regularly violated by number of counsels of the ship and other officers who monitor the loading of vehicle deck. In this particular case it was found that the officer left the responsibility of closing the bow doors to his assistant. This comes under the violation of standing instructions. The commissioner criticized the ship management company regarding the violation of safety measures and stat ed the need of considering the strict compliance to the safety measures. When the above bidding of commissioner was considered the main responsibility of the disaster lies with the chief officer, his assistant and senior master who was responsible for the monitoring of implementation of the safety measur

Personal reflection - and academic literature to support that Essay

Personal reflection - and academic literature to support that reflection - Essay exemplificationate with comp both policies and decisions is another crucial role in my opinion as in any lack of communications the give wayflow can be interrupted and precious quantify can be wasted. On the other hand, keeping record and communicating with suppliers should be a separate role on a lower floor a purchases department, that department should analyse marketing information and sales reports to anticipate the future supply inescapably and compare market prices with offers and freight. Finally, maintaining records of business meetings is an important part of the roles assigned to the secretary. In that regard a around-the-clock follow-up can boost all other functions and remind them of their own deadlines mentioned and approved in the even meetings, this can make the company leader charm in following up with the progress of apiece department a much easier task, as well as the other rol es in an organisation.Personally, I remember my long grow in administrative roles had helped me significantly to cope with the presented tasks. Ive had real life experience as a committee secretary for two years in my 15 years work experience. In addition to having a recent experience in business setup and managing a radical business that helped me anticipate some(a) of the similar progress timeframes I also had a pre-assumption on some facts and regulations that might be of assistance in some cases but an obstacle in others. For an example, I knew the time frame it takesproducts to be purchased and the difficulty of sales. I also knew the profit percentage of the returns and the running expenses, but in return I had pre-assumptions that held me from anticipating the free facilities offered by the UniversityPersonally Ive been faced with some challenges within the special tasks of my role, and one could be my problem with time management issues. For the past 15 years, Ihave ten ded to(p) few seminars and courses related to time management but unfortunately I keep misjudging my capacity for work volume and

Meditech surgurical case study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Meditech surgurical case study - Term stem ExampleFrom all indications, it is clear that Meditech used cost-effective allow chain instead of using a responsive supply chain as it would have more useful when it comes to high innovative products considerations. The supply chain used by the company was customer service oriented and hence the delay.The company has excessively been facing problems in poor service quality due to store in its production capacity. The strain in its production capacity made the company experience constant shortage in the asylum of new improved products. It also had problems with high finished goods inventory. It is important for the company to plan on the understructure of a new cycle through the three phases of manufacturing and this should be through with(p) two months before the products is marketed to neutralize any shortages in the market (Leeman, 150).a. The introduction of new products in Meditech Surgical were totally unplanned for and was don e without properly strategizing on it supply chain and production schedules. This was the reason why the arrival of net put in in the company was more than its finished goods (FG) inventory. Lack of proper strategies in the introduction of new products take to underestimated productions hence delayed delivery of orders.b. Faulty forecasting and mechanical techniques in the company resulted into a haywire prediction which then resulted in faulty targets (Leeman, 150). The company has had a poor ability to forecast the lead for its new products which then led to underestimation in the new product production.c. Finished goods inventory in the company is almost 40% above the desired levels. High level of finished goods inventory is a clear indication that the goods be not moving in the required rate and that customer orders are not being processed within the stipulated time.d. Meditech Surgical has long organizational structure

Modeling an Animal Class Hierarchy by Employing UML Diagrams Assignment

Modeling an living organism(prenominal) Class Hierarchy by Employing UML Diagrams - Assignment ExampleInheritance is an important principle in object-oriented programming. It not only serves as an organizational technique, but also allows code to be reused between come apartes that sh atomic number 18 original characteristics. It is also known as Is A relationship because the classes down in the inheritance hierarchy are derived from the higher classes. So an object instantiated from a derived class is also a type of the superclass (Dale, Joyce, & Weems, 2006). Generalization and long suit are the two constituents of an inheritance relationship. The base class, from which the child classes are derived from, is supposed to be the more generic class and the child classes with additional members are considered to be the more specialized classes (Thampi, 2009). For example, a dog class can be considered as a sub class of an animal class. In this case the animal class is more generic class and the dog class is the specialized version of the animal class. To build the animal class hierarchy, we consider the classes animal, Fish, Mammal, Shark, Herring, Elephant and Rodent. Animal is modeled as the base class from which all the other(a) classes inherit either directly or indirectly. Fish and Mammal classes are the direct child classes derived from the Animal class. Sharks and herring are types of fishes and thereof we can derive these classes from the Fish class. Similarly elephants and rodents are both mammals and hence they can be derived from the Mammal class.

Legal Risk and Opportunity in Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

good Risk and Opportunity in Employment - Essay Example(Morris, 2008). If Paul had been fired for being black, he would definitely have a case against Newcorp. However, if he was fired for his voiced opinion at the schooldays board meeting, this would not be protected. While the First Amendment protects freedom of speech, it makes no note that employers have to redact up with it. (Morris, 2008).Pat is wrong in his belief that his employee manuals described process of the disciplinal action plan means that he cannot be fired without warning. In the case of Toussaint v. Blue sucker & Blue Shield, the employee handbook stated that employees could only be fired after warning, notice, and hearing Toussaint had been fired without warning. The hook ruled in favor of Toussaint, and declared that an employee handbook creates contract. (Samuelson, 2007). However, since then, employers have been very careful in pickings steps to protect themselves from this categorization of liability. ( Morris, 2008). Newcorp having Pat sign the statement of at-will employment was a proper mood to prevent liability. And if Pat had looked carefully at his handbook, he probably would have discovered some sort of language within it expressing that it was not to be relied upon as a contract. (Morris, 2008).Paula is correct in believing that it is extrajudicial for her not to be transferred to wire-coating based on her sex. Sex discrimination in the workplace involves the different preaching of an employee based on sex that negatively affects things like pay, employment, and advancement or training opportunities. Title seven of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace and applies to private employers, state and local political science employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, and joint employer-union apprenticeship programs with 15 or more employees. (Equal Rights Advocates, 2008). Although Paula is young and could

Assessing Educational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assessing educational Change - Essay ExampleIntroduction of com rollers to learning in shoals is not a thing that each head of enlighten ought to think twice about. However, its crucial that the heads of checks consider with a lot of concerns the trend in which the change is introduced to the school. It may look rather cheap to introduce computers into a school, but hostile to that, it is rather a complicated matter since certain instructions need to be followed to ensure its capacity and effectiveness in its use and impact in the school (Rowley, & Sherman, 2001). According to chapter 8 of the book, there be stages that are to be followed in the launching of a change into a system. The stages include analysis of a change in all spheres, design of the change, development of the change, implementation and evaluation of the change. All these stages ought to be put into consideration when introducing the change to ensure that the change introduced is not in vain. Analyzing the c hange is all about masking piece up the introduction process (Green, 2013). I happened to have been among the committee that spear headed the introduction of the computers to some school in my district. Having handled computer studies in college, I was so thrilled when I heard the head of the school talk about introducing computer into the curriculum of the school as a form of change from the preceding(prenominal) running of the education in the school. Clever enough, the head was not fast to rush into the purchase of the computers. However, he did ask for a group to be selected to look into the whole process of introducing the change analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. abridgment of the change Analysis is all about disintegrating a process into fragments so as to look at the whole process... Analysis is all about disintegrating a process into fragments so as to look at the whole process bit by bit in order to have a solve thought about the whole proces s. In this case, the change of introducing computers into the school was broken into parts, and each part was designate to a given individual to look into it. The analysis process was majorly carried out to determine whether the computer course of instruction was worth introducing into the school. This process is normally the first step when it comes to introduction of change. It is majorly done to determine the viability and feasibility of a change. In analyzing the change, survey was taken in some schools that had already introduced the computers, and also in schools that had not taken a step of introducing the computers into the curriculum. Some students were also taken from the school desiring to take up computer introduction and introduced into the computers. At the end of it all, through the comparison of the two scenarios of a school having overture to computers and that of no access to the computer, it was noted that the one with computers was performing well compared to the one without. Students and the teachers were seen to be so advanced in that around everything, including teaching itself by the teachers was computerized. When given a quiz on the current affairs worldwide, it appeared that the students in the school with computers had knowledge of it and the students on the other end with no computers seemed to be lagging behind with the current affairs.

French Revolution and Napoleon Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

cut Revolution and sleep era - Essay ExampleLargely, the French revolution was considered successful premised on the ideologies of liberty, equality, brotherhood, democracy, hubris, fiscal responsibility and technology. The revolutionarys slogan of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or death captures their vision and aspiration for a new order and willingness to split for that cause (Kaiser & Kley, 2010). Their commitment to attain liberty and equality resulted to national liberation and legal equity. The liberals championed their ideologies on advocating for individual liberty and legal equality. Liberty created freedom for populate to make choices for themselves, equality where no person macrocosm superior to the other, rationalism in which every individual would have the capacity of logical thinking, progress of society, science, and the sparing and free market liberalism. These consequential liberal ideas advocated for a limited regimen that favored democracy. While chant th e spirit of brotherhood, the irate French citizens of Paris conducted the Bastille storm as a unit to express the peoples takeover of power. At the same time, Fiscal responsibility and Hubris were influential to the revolution owing to the crisis of exponent Louis XV, resulting from higher debts accruals the tax increased on the citizens in order to pay up these debts to end the cycle per second of financial trap. The dawn of democracy also helped create a peoples elected organization by adopting new political ideologies, equality for all persons and encouraging a limited form of government that championed the peoples interests. Moreover, the technology that was used during the French revolution including guillotine made people fear, be a new style of execution, and becoming the nerve of revolutionary justice. (Censer & Hunt, 2001) Thus, the French revolution was premised on enlightenment, citizenship, nationalism and inalienable rights, some of which would spill over to the Am erican Revolution. Napoleonic Era Napoleon Bonaparte was born(p) on August 15, 1769 in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica the Republic of Genoa which was transferred one year after the small island to France. On July 4, 1176, the American constitution and declaration of independence was signed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, then years following to July14, 1789 motto the final fall of Bastille, Paris because of brotherhood efforts of the French revolutionary, opening doors for the beginning of the revolutionary war intriguing the old with the ideals of a new and better society. Culminating from the endless efforts of the revolutionaries, the Monarchy was abolished in France on September 21, 1792 in France establishing the rootage French Republic. Just a day after being convicted of conspiracy, King Louis XVI was executed by the French National convention using a guillotine in Paris on January 21, 1793. (Rose, 1935) On August 22, 1795, the French constitution was ratified by the French National convention during the times of the French revolution in France. A year later, the battle of Arcola took place, marking a decisive battle during Napoleons defeat of the third Austrian trail to raise the Siege of Mantua, making Napoleon straighten out himself from a very precarious position on 15-16 November 1796. In 1798 marked the French campaign in Egypt and Syria to protect French trading interests, diminish Britains presence in India and anchor scientific establishments in the region. On November 9,

Ethics and Morality Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Morality EssayEnvironwork forcetal ethics is the study of the moral relationship surrounded by human cosmoss to the value and moral status of the environment and its inhabitants. It is morally rail at for human beings to destroy the inherent environment and oppo station resources in the planet. The future generation will require living in an environmentally hospitable, favorable and hygienic condition that is being determined by the present generation. These conditions wholly depend on the way we treat the environment today.If we take care of all components of the universe such as the air, the soils and forests and some new(prenominal) resources the earth shall be a favorable and friendly swan for the future generations (Nash 1989). Although the question of ethics and piety is very complex, it is always important to explore environmental issues from a diverse point of view since what whitethorn seem right to an individual may be very immoral and un good to a nother. The issue of cast out toxic unwarranted and other forms of hazardous waste need no debate due to the wayward effects of the toxic to the well being of plants and animals living at heart the affected section.It is for this reason that aluminium dress to damp the waste was environmentally wrong since he unaccompanied envisioned the completion of his work and ignored the sine qua non of other inhabitants within the location where the horseshiting was taking place. The sentence though seemed harsh, but I would consider it very light considering the impacts of his action both in the present as well as in the future (Enger smith 2002). Alabama Man Sentenced For Dumping Hazardous Waste Alabama decision to dump hazardous waste at the abandoned industrial sites draws mixed criticism from different philosophers.Although to the majority of the spate Alabamas decision to damp such toxic waste on an open region was wrong and showed disrespect to the environment as well as to the inhabitants currently living and those to live after. From an ethical perspective, Alabamas decision was an ethical. Be seduce he was not considerate on the wellbeing of the people and other inhabitants living within the region he chose to damp the toxic waste. From a moral point of view, may be Alabama perceived his action as correct since his newly discovered dump site had been abandoned and no one lived around.For this reason, he might have considered on the time and money he was detain to save by transporting the waste to a nearby site than to the far designated region (Enger Smith 2002). The fine set upon him was very fair considering the impacts both directly and indirectly the hazardous waste would cause to the environment, both to the present generation as well as to the future generation. The fine should be make harsher with steeper penalties for either unethical injustices done to the environment. gibe to the anthropocentric theory of moral responsibility regard ing the environment, Alabama action was environmentally unethical because he considered the human interests only with the assumption that human beings are the only significant creatures and that the rest of the inhabitants such as the plants and animals are not significant and can be unnoted while making certain decisions regarding the environment. This line of thought is wrong because all the inhabitants of the earth are depended on each other and the destruction of one result to failure of another.In his critic Naturalist Philosopher Emerson, blames handicraft for the environment injustices taking place. In his argument, mans actions threaten to upset the balance between men and nature. Emerson disagrees with Alabamas action which is financially driven in that he chose to locate a individual(a) dump site for his toxic waste so as to clear with his assignment within a short period of time and save on the transport cost as well being paid for the completed assignment.Alabamas dec ision is thus unethical, because he did not put into comity all the components of the environment but chose to be driven by the moral urge to work within a short period of time and save on other costs he was bound to incur (Enger Smith 2002). The biocentrism theory towards the moral responsibility to the environment suggests that all forms life have a right to exist. According to some biocentrism animals are more valued than plants and greater responsibility is placed on them.According to Alabama, his responsibility to the environment had some biogenetic traits whereby his concern was more to people than the plants species that where being affected directly by the toxic and hazardous waste dumped at the industrial site. Henry David Thoreau in his natural scientist campaign describes Alabamas act as a do not care aggrandisement whereby fewer people do not care for the things they need to protect but instead vandalizes them. According to John Muir, Alabama demonstrated a high leve l or irresponsibility and went against the ethics of divinity.He believes that the wilderness mirrors divinity, nourishes humanity and vivifies the spirit and by dump the toxic waste in an authorized place threatened the existence of the wilderness. As philosopher Aldo Leopold describes in his thinking, no man will ever see the mantrap of the wilderness such as the long grass prairie, the beautiful flowers that stirrups the fields if men in their unethical deeds as Alabama demonstrated continue destroying the fields through illegal dumping of wastes and other toxic substances whose effect is being felt by both plants and animals living within the region the dumping takes place (Enger Smith 2002).The ecocentrism approach to environmental responsibility maintains that the environment deserves direct moral consideration in whatever we do, although the environment is considered to be at moral par with humans. Aldo Leopold had advocated that knock down is the basic concept of ecology that is to be loved and respected but Alabama failed to demonstrate this love by dumping waste illegally, to him anything is ethically and morally right if it preserves the integrity and stability of the community otherwise it is wrong.According to Leopolds idea, the land is an object of moral concern that needs protection from everyone and all its inhabitants. He maintained that it is morally wrong to eliminate any species from the land with a simple reason of increasing the monetary value of any activity being undertaken knowingly. It is this very act Alabama went against by illegally dumping toxic in a designated area which posed serious threat to all the inhabitants within the region (Nash 1989).. Conclusion In conclusion, ethical issues concerning the environment can be viewed in various ways and at different levels depending on the prevailing priorities within the society, but this does not mean that the environment should be abused by few for their personal gain but must be the responsibility of everyone to take care of the environment for the rice beer of the future generations and its overall stability.ReferencesEnger, E. D Smith, B. F. (2002). Environmental Science A study of Interrelationships. Tenth Edition. McGraw Hill higher(prenominal) Education. Boston, MA (USA). Nash, R. (1989). The Rights of Nature A History of Environmental Ethics, Madison, WI University of Wisconsin Press.

The Shapes of Human Communities Essay Example for Free

The Shapes of Human Communities assay1. In 1500, the demesne had all different societies, gatherers and hunters to empires, but it was different 2. Paleolithic Persistence a) gathering and chase societies (Paleolithic peoples) still existed throughout the world but they had changed over time b) b. had spick-and-span improved technologies and ideas, e.g., outrigger canoes, fish hooks, etc (had non adopted agriculture) c) exchanged goods over hundreds of miles and developed sophisticated sculpture and rock painting and northwest playground slide of uniting America developed very differently 3. Agricultural Village Societiesa) predominated in much(prenominal) of North America, in Africa south of the equator, in parts of the Amazon River basin and seceast Asia b) their societies mostly avoided oppressive authority, sort out inequalities ( forested region in present-day southern Nigeria 3 political) c) Benin centralized state ruled by a warrior king ,EwuareP d) Igbo dense po pulation and trade, and rejected kingship and state building e) Yoruba, Benin, and Igbo peoples traded among themselves and beyond 4. Agricultural colonization societies went through change in the centuries before 1500 a) population growth, emergence of distinct peoplesb) rise of warfare as key to male prestige -creation of the Iroquois confederation c) some European colonists appreciated Iroquois values of social equality and personal freedom (even for women)agriculture,depose officeholders5.5. Herding Peoples of the a) Turkic warrior Timur tried to restore the Mongol Empire ca. 1400 but ended up devastating Russia, Persia, and India b) his successors kept agree of the area between Persia and Afghanistan for a century c) Timurs conquest was the become great military success of Central Asian nomads d) the steppe nomads homeland was swallowed up in expanding Russian and Chinese empire 6. African pastoralists -independent from empires (Fulbe -West Africas largest pastoral ord ering) 7. migration after 1000 c.e. ( small communities among agriculturalists) a) adopted Islam b) some travel to towns and became leaders c) jihads -created new states ruled by the Fulbe2) Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century Comparing china and Europe a) absolute majority of the worlds population lived within a major civilization. b) China had been badly disrupted by Mongol rule and the plague and recovered under the Ming dynasty (13681644) i. Confucian learning1) Emperor Yongle (r. 14021422) summarizing all the intelligence of the past and reestablished the civil service examination system (centralized government) 2) Chinese sailors and traders had become important in the South China Sea and in Southeast Asian ports in the eleventh century d) Emperor Yongle outfit a massive fleet launched in 1405 e) Admiral Zheng ried to enroll peoples in the tribute system f) no intention of conquering new territories, establishing Chinese settlements, or spreading culture3) Chinese gover nment utterly stopped the voyages in 1433 g) Chinese merchants and craftsmen continued to settle and trade in Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia,( without government support) 3) European Comparisons State Building and Cultural Renewal 1. a similar process of demographic recovery, consolidation etc 2. 2. European population began to rise again ca. 1450 a) state building fragmented -independent and competitive states 3. the Renaissance reclamation of undefiled Greek traditions 4. began in the commercial cities of Italy ca. 13501500 5. . greater interest in the individual and in accurate motion picture of the worl 4) European Comparisons Maritime Voyaging1. Portuguese voyages of discovery began in 14152. 1492 Columbus reached the Americas3. 14971498 Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to India 4. European voyages -small compared to Chinese ones a) unlike the Chinese voyages, Europeans were seeking wealth in Crusades against Islam 7. Chinese voyages ended European ones kep t escalating a. no political authority in Europe to end the voyages b. rivalry between states = more explorationc. China had everything it needed Europeans wanted the greater riches of the East 5) Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century The Moslem World 1. Muslim world +four major states or empires. Took process of within and beyond new states 2. In the Moslem Heartland The Ottoman and Safavid Empires 3. Ottoman Empire lasted from fourteenth to early twentieth century (huge territory) A .sultans claimed the title caliph and the legacy of the Abbasids (effort to bring new unity to the Islamic world 4. Ottoman aggression toward Christian (fall of Constantinople in 145 -1529 siege of Vienna) Europeans feared Turkish expansion 5. Safavid Empire emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious rig -empire was established shortly after 1500 6. Sunni Ottoman Empire and Shia Safavid Empire fought between 1534 and 16391) On the Frontiers of Islam The Songhay and Mughal Empires 1. 1. Songhay Empire go in West Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century a. Islam was limited largely to urban elites. b. Sonni Ali (r. 14651492) followed Muslim practices, but was also regarded as a magician with an invisibility charm ( center of Islamic learning/trade) 2. Mughal Empire in India was created by Turkic group that invaded India in 1526 b. over the sixteenth century, Mughals gained control of most of India.3. The age of these four great Muslim empires is sometimes called a second flowering of Islam. new age of energy, prosperity, and cultural brilliance 4. spread of Islam to new areas, such as Southeast Asia 2) spread by traveling merchants, supported by Sufi holy men 6) rise of Malacca as a sign of the timesbecame a major Muslim port city in the fifteenth centuryMalaccan Islam blend with Hindu/Buddhist traditions (Islamic learning) Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century The Americaa) Both the Aztec and the Inca empires were established by once-marginal peoples who took over and draped older cultures .(Both empires were destroyed by the Spaniards) b) The Aztec Empire a seminomadic people who migrated southward from northern Mexico c) Aztec Empire was a loosely structured, unstable conquest state ( population of 56 million d. local and long distance trade on a vast scale (included slaves) 1) professional merchants (pochteca) became rich a. homophile sacrifice much more prominent in Aztec Empire than in earlier Mesoamerica 2) b. Tlacaelel is credited with the of state giving human sacrifice such importance Aztec Empires purpose is to maintain the cosmic order by supplying blood for the gods ocean trade in the west Atlantic/Indian Ocean picked up VII.A Preview of Coming Attractions Looking Ahead to the Modern Era (15002000) A. No fifteenth-century connections were truly spheric. 1. those came but with European expansion in the sixteenth century 2. 15002000 inextricable linking of the worlds of Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania B. Modern hum an society emerged first in Europe in the nineteenth century and then throughout the world. 1. core feature article industrialization 2. accompanied by massive population increase C. The prominence of European peoples on the global stage grew 1. , Western Europe became the most innovative, 2. spread of European languages and Christian religion throughout the world

Pro Choice IS Pro Life Essay Example for Free

Pro Choice IS Pro behavior EssayNo cleaning lady wants an stillbirth as she wants an ice cream cone or a Porsche. She wants an abortion as an wight caught in a trap wants to gnaw off its bear leg. Frederica Mathewes-Green In a perfect world, every pregnancy would be considered an utmost blessing. In a perfect world, every birth would involve a healthy, beautiful baby-born to absurdly giddy, harming parents- with the mastermise of basic needs met and creature comforts strived for. In a perfect world, there would be no such thing as an unwanted pregnancy or the hell of having to make the decision whether or not to stop. Although the opposing sides give likely never be in agreement on the virtuousity of abortion, both sides back surely agree that the world isnt perfect and that, consequently, not every pregnancy can be catch for joy and happiness.Regardless of where our moral compass points on the issue of abortion, the fact remains that an estimated 40-50 million abort ions take place worldwide individually year and nearly half of them are illegal, unsafe mastercedures that result in severe disability and plain death. Accordingly, in 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled 72 that a unspoiled to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution extended to a womans decision to put one over an abortion. Some pro-life proponents bitterly objected to the landmark decision, known as Roe v Wade, as if they mat up the ruling had invented abortion or somehow created the problem altogether. The unavoidable reality, however, is that the world is imperfect and so abortion happens.Chinese folklore from 500 BCE suggests the ingestion of mercury to induce abortion. It happened in 1550 BCE in ancient Egypt. Hippocrates is noted for having convinced(p) jumping up and down to his female patients suffering unwanted pregnancy It happened in ancient Greece in 421 BC. It happened in the Bible in the book of Numbers. Even Plat o proclaimed it the sound of women to visitk early terminations of pregnancies in Theaetetus, circa 360 BCE. Abortion allow always happen, as it always HAS happened, and no amount of legislature or spectral browbeating will ever change that fact. To be fair, most people who oppose abortion are advantageously intentioned, pious individuals with a reasonable, valid, argument for favoring pro-life. They feel that abortion is the equivalent of murder life begins at conception. Their religious faith compels them to believe that a fertilized embryo is a human being and, therefore, entitled to the right wing(a) to live.This argument, however, is based on an mere assumption rather than factual march. Joyce Arthur, a contributing writer for The pro-choice Action Network, suggests that the belief that a fetus is a living human being with a right to live is simply irrelevant because biology, medicine, law, philosophy, and theology have no consensus on the issue, and neither does society as a whole. Admittedly, the thought of so many countless aborted fetuses, unborn and unnamed and unloved, is unsettling to even the strongest supporter of a womans right to choose. Even so, the pro-choice advocates dont just suck up a fetus they see the whole complicated, imperfect, much sad world where we cant solve everything. We authentically need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children.Joycelyn Elders pro-choice advocates, in scenarios where abortion isnt an option, see only neglected and abused children who are born to parents who didnt want them in the first place. They see children who are hungry because their parents are unable to provide for them. They see children who will never know healthy love or feel any real and tenacious sense of security. Ultimately, they see children who will be born against their mothers will, fully aware that they arent valued by the ones who should value them most, and will do little to a greater extent with their own troubled lives than perpetuate the vicious circle of a bent and broken society.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in December 2003, backs this assertion We offer evidence that legalized abortion has contributed signicantly to recent crime reductions. Crime began to fall roughly eighteen years after Roe v Wade abortion legalization. The report concludes its study findings with this rather scathing, but factually based statement Roughly half of the crimes committed in the United States are done by individuals born prior to the legalization of abortion. As these older cohorts age out of criminality and are replaced by younger offenders born after abortion became legal, we would predict that crime rates will continue to fall.Were pro-choice because we know that our faith cannot answer the scruple of when a fetus becomes a person. We also know that the whole question of fetal personhood is a disingenuous, often malicious, attempt to distract us from the real issue-whi ch is that the woman is a person. She is a person endowed by God, the U.S. Constitution, and common sense decency with rights responsibilities that she must exercise to the best of her ability, using her own best judgment. -The Reverend Dr. Katherine autograph RagsdaleSupporters of pro choice see the woman facing an unplanned, unwanted pregnancy in a more compassionate light than do pro life advocates. Those in favor of a womans right to choose have the open mindedness needed to recognize the unique and varied circumstances that get out a woman to opt for an abortion. They see rape victims who, after having had control of their bodies taken once, shouldnt be expected to incubate, give birth to, financially and emotionally support, and somehow manage to love a ceaseless reminder of violence and fear and sexual assault. They see victims of incest who, in reality, are only children themselves. They see loving parents who HAD planned a pregnancy, only to be given heart wrenching new s the baby will suffer extreme birth defects and have no quality of life. They see the straight-A student with a overweight earned college scholarship who finds out that shes pregnant the day before her high school graduation.They see desperate women who fear the judgment of their overly religious families. These are the women who, without access to a safe one, will attempt to perform abortions on themselves or seek the service of an untrained hand, using unsafe procedures, in a non-sterile environment often with tragic results. According to the World Health Organization in Oct. 2006, back-alley abortions cause 68,000 maternal deaths each year in the 33 countries where abortion is not legal or purchasable.Understand that unwanted pregnancy does not always translate into unwanted births, but the developmental search of children unwanted during pregnancy does suggest that when women say they cannot adequately care for a child, it is of the utmost importance that we take heed -Rach el Needle, PsyDTo be pro-choice is to truly care about others and to support a womans right not to give birth to a child she feels unable to care for. Despite the Pro Life claim that abortion is taking the easy way out, those in favor of choice understand that an imperfect world sometimes finds a woman in an impossible, desperately terrifying situation. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is far from the easy way out and, in many cases, may be the only course of action viable to the mother.The decision not to sentence a child to a life of poverty or sickness or oppression is humane if it is nothing else. Ultimately, being pro choice means working towards a world where abortion is legal and safe and rare. Being pro choice means supporting the right of every woman to decide whats best for her own future, to act in the best interests of her own physical and emotional wellbeing, and to try her best to do whats right for herself and the family involved.To be pro-choice is to be, quite literally, PRO (happy, healthy, beautiful) LIFE for everyone. The hope and the promise of such a life, however, can be made possible only through loving-kindness, genuine compassion, and- above all else- the freedom of choice.AbouZahr, Carla. British Medical Bulletin. Oxford Journals. British Medical Bulletin, Dec. 2003. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Arthur, Joyce. Personhood Is a Fetus a Human Being? THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK. The Pro Choice Action Network, Aug. 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Civil Rights. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. . Donahue, John J., III, and Steven D. Levitt. THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZED miscarriage ON CRIME*. Rep. no. Quarterly Report. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.Russi, Nancy F., PhD. When Pregnancies Are Unwanted. Prochoiceforum.org.uk. poster of Social Ethical Responsibility for Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 05 Mar. 2002. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Sankin, Aaron. Abortion Poverty contain Finds Link Between Lack Of Access And Income. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Smith, Sharon. Abortion Is all Womans Right. Abortion Is Every Womans Right. N.p., 23 Apr. 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

Formation of Corporations and Stocks Essay Example for Free

Formation of Corporations and Stocks raise* Why does a company choose to form as a corporation? What are the step required to become a corporation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of doing business? Corporations are created in order to separate the businesses finances from the persons individual finances so that they can treasure themselves financially. The advantages of forming a corporation are that the business can obtain the credibility so that consumers are more than comfortable. Since consumers normally culls to do business with a corporation. Also by forming a corporation the person protects their assets and pass water by forming a corporation. The disadvantages are that the process is lengthy and pricey. Also corporations often end up pay more in taxes. Corporations are also monitored very closely and must be in form with several entities.* Why is preferred deport referred to as preferred? What are some of the features added to pr eferred product line that make it more attractive to investors? Would you assign preferred stock or common stock as an investment? Why? Preferred stock is considered preferred because it has dividend preference over common stock. Preferred stockholders gull the right to receive dividends before common stockholders. The per share dividend amount is stated as a constituent of the preferred stocks per value or as a specified amount. Preferred stockholders must ne compensable their annual dividend plus any dividends in arrears before common stockholders receive any dividends. I would select referred stock over common stock because I call for to get paid as pronto as possible.* What are the different types of dividends corporations may issue? When should a corporation pay dividends? Do you prefer a stock dividend or a bullion dividend? Why There are four types of dividends 1. cash dividends, 2. property dividends, 3. scrip (note), and 4. stock dividends. A corporation should pay dividends when it has retained earning, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. I would prefer a cash dividend. If the corporation issues stock, they are not having to spend actual cash. I want to be reassured that the business actually has my money. I have seen it too many times where extensive corporations lie and cheat on paper. I also do not really like the stock market and never have been good at buying, selling, or owning stock.

Ideal Renaissance Man Essay Example for Free

Ideal Renaissance Man EssayAn nonp aril spiritual rebirth man or woman in the fourteenth and fifteenth century, a time when populate aspired to be skilled in numerous areas and humanistic education was customary, meant you would have to stand out from the rest. Pico della Mirandola theories in Oration on the Dignity of Man sum up the specimen Renaissance man. He announced that individuals face no limits to their development except those that are self-imposed (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia).In theory tot completelyy one advise hinder their own success. The ideal renaissance man had a broad pocketbook in knowledge or was highly skilled in the stratagems, music or literature. Some lived up to being ideal just because they were bold or unique. The ideal renaissance man was respected by his peers and his knowledge and abilities were often required by the patrons of this era. Ingeniously, some individuals happened to be masters of art, engineering, and even anatomy all at th e same time.Mostly men, renaissance contributors did not normally encourage women to participate during this time. Women were encouraged to fit out the profile of wives and mothers and their political rights at this point were still kind of limited. Nevertheless, there were many that fit the verbal description of an ideal renaissance women. One unique women of this time was Laura Cereta. A writer who struggled with heavy criticism from her cohorts because of her intellectual pursuits.In response to both the men and women who were judgmental of her, Laura wrote two letters that were penned to answer both critics a defense of learning aimed at male humanists and a defense of her vocation directed toward her female critics (Cunningham 289). Lauras heated verbiage in these letters won her great recognition and respect. In describing an ideal renaissance man Leonardo Davinchi owned up to that title for his many achievements. He donated to us many chemic theories, the air balloon, the telescope, and trigonometry. He was a plethora of knowledge.He was also recognized for his many works of art known all around the world today, The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper for example. He was diverse in his thinking and adage many of his ideas through. He was a living example and true to Leon Albertis (140472) quote that men can do all things if they will. The Renaissance is understood as a historical era of cultural movements. Its contributors are termed Ideal Renaissance Men and Women for making it possible. Even so, they continued to pursue more knowledge and abilities. For this, they were ideal renaissance people of their time.

Participatory Notes Essay Example for Free

participatory Notes EssayParticipatory Notes commonly know as P-Notes or PNs are instruments issued by designateed foreign institutional investors (FII) to overseas investors, who adjure to invest in the Indian stock markets without registering themselves with the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI.SEBI permitted foreign institutional investors to register and participate in the Indian stock market in 1992.Investing through P-Notes is very aboveboard and hence very popular amongst foreign institutional investors.Contents1 Working2 consume3 Participatory Notes Crisis of 20074 Trends in PN5 ReferencesWorkingParticipatory notes are instruments used for do investments in the stock markets. However, they are not used within the country. They are used outside India for reservation investments in shares listed in that country. That is why they are also called offshore derivative instruments.In the Indian context, foreign institutional investors (F IIs) and their sub-accounts mostly use these instruments for facilitating the participation of their overseas clients, who are not interested in active directly in the Indian stock market.For example, Indian-based brokerages buy India-based securities and consequently issue participatory notes to foreign investors. all dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors.NeedAnonymity Any entity place in participatory notes is not required to register with SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), whereas all FIIs have to compulsorily get registered. It enables large hedge funds to carry out their operations without disclosing their identity. Ease of work Trading through participatory notes is easy because participatory notes are like contract notes transferable by authority and delivery. Tax Saving Some of the entities route their investment through participatory notes to take advantage of the appraise laws of certain preferred c ountries. Money Laundering PNs are becoming a favourite with a emcee of Indian money launderers who use them to first take funds out of country through hawala and then get it back using PNs.

The structure of the play Essay Example for Free

The structure of the bend EssayIn the plaint we see Willys funeral, unless alas, the friends and customers he trained to have has not shown up. Linda and Happy are confused as to why this is, but Charley, Biff and Bernard know and have come to terms with the fact that Willy was not tumefy wish and that his business ventures were ill-fated and archaic-fashioned. Biff finally opens up and says that Willy had the wrong dreams and Willy never knew who he was. Happy is stressed by what Biff says and is almost choosey to fight. Happy obviously still believe in Willys ideals and in capitalism and states that he is gonna win it for him (Willy) much to the distress of Biff who knows that it is a vain attempt at getting rich quick. Linda is comforted by Charley, who says that being a salesman is a good profession and that a salesman has got to dream. Charley goes on to say he was a happy man with a batch of cement, this could be see as the author saying that most people are happy to work for a purpose, e.g. Socialism.throughout much of the play we see Willy symbolising old capitalism, the tenet that if you work hard and are well liked then you gain lots of financial wealth. In the Requiem we see the death of this old capitalism due to the unscrupulous nature of new capitalism which unfortunately, is not dead further. Ben, Willys brother, symbolises new capitalism, the belief that if you are merciless and cut-throat in business then you will gain financial success.Much of the play is spent showing how new capitalism is getting rid of old capitalism. The structure of the play end-to-end the play we have frequent flashbacks to the ancient, as Willys life falls apart and he dreams or so the past to preserve his happiness. As the play progresses, the flashbacks become more frequent and crossover more into the present. The flashbacks are intrinsic to the rest of the play and provide vital points that are key to the story.As the flashbacks become more freque nt and frenzied, Willy starts acting out the flashbacks in the present. This makes him appear crazy and even leads Biff and Happy to openly claim Willy is not their father. Miller uses these flashbacks to adequately convey the emotion and structure of Willys breakdown to the audience. Conclusion Death of a salesman could easily be interpreted as an attack on the unscrupulous nature of all capitalism, but this is only a small part of the play.It is an emotive story of the last few days of a failed salesmans life, as he seeks happiness in the past and can not face the reality of his life. It is about a man who has been robbed by time and takes refuge in the past when he was well liked, yet in the present no-one in the business world likes him. Miller has written Death of a salesman in a powerful way and is successful in his purpose of touching the reader and making the read thinking about the world and the life they lead.

Mediation and Advocacy Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Mediation and Advocacy Literature Review EssayIn the charitable serve field there is a combination of areas that require mediation and advocacy. homosexual services represent of and utilize a number of disciplines. Mediation is usu onlyy defined as a process in which an impartial third party helps parties resolve a dispute or plan a deed by supportering their negotiations. Approaches, however, can vary considerably. Many mediators tend to use the same approach regardless of the situations of the parties. hardly others are flexible and do whatever will field of study. Each approach has potential advantages and disadvantages. Advocacy is comp 1nt or assisting those within a special population acquire the services they need. Advocacy is when someone supports you to direct up about a certain thing. It aims to make sure that an individuals opinions and/or plight are comprehend and understood.Many disputes are presented when working as a mediator and an advocate in the h uman being services field. Advocacy and Mediation necessitate a person to stay truthful in order to assist individuals resolve their issues. The roles of advocates and mediators to a fault come with restrictions which if not followed, could lead them to hasten severe legal problems. Mediators recognize that investigate is essential to the advancement of knowledge and that all investigations must be conducted with respect for the rights and dignity of participants and with concern for their welfare. Specifically, the conditions of the Human Subjects Experimentation, as designated by the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States Federal Government, shall be adhered to. (www.mediate.com) cosmos an advocate can present ethical, moral and legal issues, ethical issues are presented everywhere within advocacy. Those advocates have the ethical liability to act with honesty and sincerity. Advocates have the moral responsibility to help clients and social reasons.The c losely exhausting task in their obligations is the legal and ethical limitations they face when taking on their cases. Some of the well-nigh rigorous limitations include laws regarding defamation or even hate crimes. These hate crimes are not solely at hand in relation to racisms. An increase in hate crimes has been seen towards and in relation with same-sex marriages. These advocates are faced with the intricate task of protecting these people from hate crimes and must at the same eon uphold their ethical and moral obligation to their clients regardless of their own personal beliefs (Barsky, 2007). The assimilation of advocacy and mediation plays a vital role within all human services agencies. These positions are highly recommended to unbiased knowledgeable individuals seeking to help improve society.Advocates support and preserve their stance on their meticulous beliefs and do so in an organized group fashion. A mediator in contrast assists people with purpose making they le ave alternatives to their problems through coordinated rede or support groups. Mediators strive to assist in a wide array of approaches and provide both parties with the best tools and documentation in order to name a positive result, nevertheless mediators do not make the final decisions as they are simply there to facilitate both parties to a arrive at an agreement (Barsky, 2007). Mediation and advocacy also allow clients to become familiar with the laws and limitations in relation to their issues in hopes to eliminate further escalations of the issue whether it is a social or legal topic. Advocacy allows people the opportunity to defend their personal beliefs and voice what he or she believes to be right or wrong. The presence of these two entities allows the resolution of conflicts and conflicting beliefs from escalating in to wildness or further legal actions.Whether it may be defending the basic human rights or the difficult topics of parental rights or partial custodies mediators provide an undeniable crucial Advocates understand the complex interface among the individuals and even the communities in which they live in. Being around the individual helps the advocate and mediator access and circumscribe what grammatical case of people they are around and see how society interacts with their lives. The individuals behavior would provide insight into what makes them comfortable so there want be a need for barriers. Advocates and mediators recognize this type of closure and are specialized in learning how to gain the individuals trust. Advocates and mediators also distinguish how an individual lives with one another and can determine a lot about their lifestyle. Human services act as advocates as well when trying to determine any needs that have not been facilitated for clients.The needs could be great hardly it is up to human services to determine whether its assistance at home, medical and schooldays issues for their children if they have any be cause unfortunately when adults are having problems, they do reflect on their children. Children are easiest to please but when their parents are having issues at home it can be emotionally offensive to the children if the parents arent careful, going to counseling and getting their children involved could help determine the cause and hopefully find a solution. In finis I have discovered that mediators and advocates provide a strong backbone for the different disciplines that encompass human services. Human services, advocates and mediators are all allowed to form a positive and engaging environment with the individuals that they relate with. Advocates work with clients in order to help them negotiate more effectively on their own behalves while also acting on behalf of one client.Human services are aware of their own cultural backgrounds, principles, and ethics, recognizing the future impact on their relationships with others. Human services advocate for the rights of all members of society, particularly those who are members of minorities and groups at which judicial practices have historically been directed (National Organization for Human Services, 2009). Connecting mediation and advocacy to human services involves all parties fully engaged in helping individuals surpass their disputes. Obtaining commitments and considering alternatives are good negotiation ethics that a professional must encounter to have a balanced reasonable connection with their clients (Barsky, Chapter 3 , summon 78, 2000).ReferencesBarsky. A.E. (2000). Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professional (2nd ed.). RetrievedFrom the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.Mediation Council of Illinois. (1999, August). Standards of Practice for Mediators, IllinoisRetrieved February 10, 2013, from http//www.mediate.com/articles National experience of Social Workers. (2011). Code of Ethics of the NationalAssociation of Social Workers. Retrieved February 10, 2013, fromhttp//www.s ocialworkers.org

New Testament Essay Example for Free

New volition EssayThis weakness is displayed in the special terms that be employed by the theory innocent, combatant, aggression, license and so on. These terms atomic number 18 subject to the slipping and sliding of deconstructive analysis and forever need further, proficient definition. For example, what constitutes an act of aggression? Is it physical assault on ones territory? An insult to the subject area pride? trade embargo, an glide path on ones solelyy?Osama bin Laden bonnyifies his attack on 9/11 as an act of self-defense against American aggression, which has destroyed the worship and life of his people. For over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turn of events its bases in the Peninsula into spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples.If some people h ave in the past argued about the fact of the occupation, all the people of the Peninsula have now acknowledged it. The best consequence of this is the Americans continuing aggression against the Iraqi people using the Peninsula as staging post, even though all its rulers are against their territories being used to that end, but are helpless All these crimes and sins committed by the Americans are clear declaration of war on Allah, his messenger, and Muslims.And ulema religious leaders have throughout Islamic history nemine contradicente agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries. This was revealed by imam Bin-Qadamah in Al-Mughni, Imam al-Kisai in Al-BadaI, al-Qurtubi in his interpretation, and the shaykh of al-Islam in his books, where he said As for the fighting to take an enemy, it is aimed at defending sanctity and religion, and it is duty as agreed by the ulema.Nothing is more sacred than impression except repulsing an enemy wh o is attacking religion and life. In fact, this same excuse is non so remote from what we hear in our own country, where the left-wing ofttimes blames American imperialism and the multinational system of capitalism for raping the cultures of third world countries, exploiting the people, producing poverty, and sowing the seeds for violent response. The criteria do non seem to help the special problem at hand.Most scholars seem to think that just war theory allows for pre-emptive arrogates, but the conditions and details are not so clear. The Bush administration and the National Security Strategy contend that pre-emptive strikes against Iraq are consonant with just war theory, international law, and Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Legal scholars and international jurists are said to phiz the right of pre-emptive strike based on the condition of an imminent threat. (Gabriel 2006 27-33)However, the Vatican seems to interpret its own codes as justification for fighti ng defensive war against particular act of aggression, and most scholars seem to agree with its interpretation of the tradition. Jeff McMahan, professor at the University of Illinois, says that the theory has strong aversion to pre-emptive war. Normally we prefer to punish crime already committed, earlier than speculate over future possibilities. Just war theory does not like to exchange its overconfidence for more problematic or sordid enterprise.18 William Gaston, professor at the University of Maryland, finds it necessary to create more criteria to justify his opposition to the administrations constitution, he concedes that anticipatory self-defense has place in international law and just war theory, but he does not concur with the current employment of this most difficult step. His criteria would involve consideration of the enormity, probability and imminence of the threat, as well as the be of delay, According to these criteria, the Bush policy is unnecessary in t he present circumstanceat least for the cartridge clip being.Saddam Hussein is not present danger (imminence) other options for number of months could prove fruitful (cost of delay) and it is unconvincing that Saddam would hand WMD to terrorists based on his past actions and present interest. The conclusion is that the case for pre-emptive strike has not been made. Those who list criteria often cast negative vote toward an action. Just war treatises often demand fulfillment of all of its conditions. Thomas Aquinas, when he composed his conditions for just war (proper authority, just shell and right intention), insisted that all three conditions essential be met as necessary apologia for war.The scholastics went on to assume the maxim bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quocumque defectu. However, with the United States issuing with us or against us ultimatum after family 11 and simultaneously dangling the carrot of long-term economic and military assistance in kick the buck et for logistic support for Americas war effort, each Central Asian state rushed to strike slanted deals with the United States based on its own self-interest, thereby allowing the United States to establish strategical foothold in Central Asia with little or no thought for Chinas concerns.For Central Asians, it was golden opportunity to lessen the coercive influence of their neighboring giants (Russia and China). They view the expanded U. S. military presence in the region as an amends policy against any future bid by Russia and China to reassert control. However, the lack of strategic policy coordination post-September 11 among the SCO member states left the multilateral forum seriously weakened, undercut the groups solidarity, and represented major distress for the fledgling group established to provide regional response to terrorism in the region.65 It likewise highlighted the tenuous nature of Chinas strategic influence in Central Asia where local ethnic and religious rivalries and foreign interests present formidable obstacles to Beijings desire to knit the regions governments into solid security partnership to further Chinas grand strategic objectives. (Mohan 2002) This meant that an action cannot have any moral defect if it is to find justification before God. war must involve the perfection of God, or it cannot proceed under his blessing. The conditions of war is wholly good, universal and irresponsible.They do not serve as simple rules of thumb, which may have tensions and become subject to compromise between them. However, this druthers for absolute, deontological ethics does not allow the tradition to meet the changing needs of the humankind condition. It becomes pretext for doing zilch because it is based upon past concerns and does not relate to modern times. Its view of the world comes from the Greek philosophical concept of kosmos, not the biblical concept of history, Its world is closed shell of eternal laws that contain n o receptiveness to the changes of history or the historical nature of humankind.It often strait-jackets its proponents into following rules and failing to take the best draw of action in the present circumstance. It limits itself to past set of rules that are composed without the prescience of future, historical constellations. The absolute dogmatic claims of the system are somewhat surprising since so much of the analysis depends upon the power of human reason. Its basis of authority does not reside in scripture so muchmaybe because the questions it asks are removed from the basic message of the New Testament. (Elizabeth 2004 6)

Zeigarnik Effect Essay Example for Free

Zeigarnik exercise EssayThe Zeigarnik accomplishment is named after the Russian psychologist, Bluma Zeigarnik (1926), who noticed an odd thing while sitting in a eatery in Vienna. The waiters seemed only to remember orders which were in the process of being served, but little recollection of the undefiled orders.Zeigarnik went back to her lab to test out a theory about what was going on with the waiter.to a greater extent than fifty years after the Bluma Zeigarnik study, Kenneth McGraw and his team returned to conduct the same study. The conclusion in both studies was that erstwhile people start something, they are more prone to finish it.There is, however, one exception to the Zeigarnik Effect it wont work unless you are actually motivated to complete the task or get to the goal.The Zeigarnik Effect says our brains hold-on to unfinished tasks in other words, we like to finish what we start.The Zeigarnik Effect is about the human list to remember uncompleted tasks more th an the tasks already completed.When people manage to start something theyre more inclined to finish it. What the Zeigarnik Effect teaches is that one weapon for beating procrastination is starting something, sometime, somewhere anything.Dont start with the hard task, try something easy first. Once youve made a start, however trivial, theres something drawing you on to complete the task.Zeigarnik ascribed their results to a state of tension, akin to a cliffhanger ending Your perspicacity wants to know what comes next. It wants to finish.In conclusion, memory is a good indicator as to whether people continue to be interrupted by thoughts of incomplete tasks. Constant thoughts of incomplete task components come it to be retained in memory better. Interruptions that cause a person to fall behind in their objective also cause anxiety that brings about constant thoughts of unfinished business.

Structure Of Retail Sector In India

Structure Of Retail area In IndiaAbstractDenastiness the ongoing wave of incessant liberalization and globalization, the Indian sell vault of heaven is still aloof from progressive and ostentatious development. This dismal situation of the sell field undoubtedly stems from the absence seizure of a conflicting Direct enthronement ( herein later on referred as FDI) encouraging policy in the Indian sell sector. In this context, attempts check been made to landing field the strategic issues c at one timerning the structure of Indian sell sector, current FDI policy and its limitation. Moreoer, the latest move of the governing to accord 51% FDI in multi- strike out retail in India and increasing the FDI limit in ace brand retail in India to 100% (from the existing 51%) is facing opposition which has raised signifi rout outt hurdles for effectual implementation of the reforms. FDI in retail has been opposed citing fears of loss of role and that traditional retail may be aff ected. How eer, stick withnts of the same indicate easy assenting to capital for domesticated retail merchants, increased transfer of technology, enhanced cut mountain strand efficiencies, increased employment opportunities and curtailment of inflation as the perceived expediencys. By analysis of the upset thats raging over opening the retail sector to FDI it is pointed out that opening up of FDI in retail in India could strengthly be a mixed gentleness for domestic players and negative impact if all is judge to be short-lived and to weaken over time. Also, the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector seemingly outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. though its time for opening the door for FDI in retail the same should be treaded cautiously and the proliferation of foreign capital into sell demand to be anchored in such a room that it turn outs in a win-win situation for India.IntroductionThe retail industry comprising of organized and unor ganised sectors is of late oft being hailed as one of the fastest growing sectors in India. According to the Investment Commission of India, the retail sector is expected to grow almost three times its current levels to $660 billion by 2015. Though initially, the retail industry in India was mostly unorganized, however with the change of tastes and preferences of the consumers, the industry is detectting more habitual these days and getting organized as wholesome. The Indian retail sector is ready to take on challenges from global retail players such as Wal-mart and Carrefour.Recently, to encourage the organized retail in the country organisation decided to allow 51% FDI in multi brand retail and 100% in single brand retail in November, 2011. magic tour this long awaited approval, come as a relief to many unionized retailers and foreign players, oppositions from state government, political parties etcetera, raises significant hurdles for effective implementation of the ref orms.Structure Of Retail Sector In IndiaBefore we go into the intricacies of the issue we must k this instant what retail means and what the structure of retail sector in India is.Retailing can be said to be the dissembleface between the maker and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. Retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. A retailer is involved in the act of selling goods to the individual consumer at a margin of profit.1Also, the High hook of Delhi2defined the term retail as a sale for final consumption in subscriber line to a sale for further sale or processing (i.e. wholesale).The retail industry in India is divided up into unionized and un arrange sectors. Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hyper trades and retail custody, and also the privately owned large retail backupes. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general shops, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavage vendors, etc. Unorganized retailing is by far the prevalent form of trade in India.3 accepted Fdi Scenario With Respect To Retail In IndiaThe advent of FDI in India was witnessed during the end of 1990s when the Indian national government announced a number of reforms which aimed at suspensoring in the process of liberalization and deregulation of the Indian economy.4FDI in Single- Brand Retailing was, permitted in 2006, to the fulfilment of 51%. Since then, a total of 94 ends cod been received till May, 2010. Of this, 57 proposals were approved. The proposals received and approved relate d to retail trading of sportswear, luxury goods, apparel, spurt clothing, jewellery, hand bags, lifestyle products etc., covering high-end items. FDI in cash and carry wholesale trading was first permitted, to the extent of 100%, under the Government approval route, in 1997. It was brought under the self-winding route in 2006. But, FDI in Multi-Brand retailing is prohibited.5Limitation Of Present SetupLimitation in the present scenario calls for relaxation of FDI norms. These limitations are as followsInfrastructureThere has been a lack of set uping in the logistics of the retail chain, maneuvering to an inefficient market place mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with altogether 5386 stand-alone cold terminuss, having a total subject of 23.6 million MT. , 80% of this is used unless for potatoes. The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishab le horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, meter the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to preclude distress sales.6 Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in harm of wastage in quality and quantity of produce in general.7Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, by the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in retailing FDI flow to the sector has not been significant.Intermediaries dominate the value chainIntermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, collapse developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total toll paid by the final consumer, as once against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher(prenomi nal) share of organized retail.8 Improper Public Distribution System (PDS)There is a big examination mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising. In outrage of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a farm-to-fork retail generate system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages.9 No Global ReachThe Micro fine Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has also suffered payable to lack of branding and lack of avenues to reach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to render emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34.5% in 1999-2000 to 30.3% in 2007-0810.This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to price of admission latest technology and improve its marketing interface.Prospected Changes In Fdi Policy For R etail Sector In IndiaRecently in July 2010, the Department of Industrial Policy and advancement (DIPP) had put up a discussion paper proposing FDI in multi brand retail. In July 2011, a delegation of Secretaries (CoS) had cleared the proposal to allow upto 51% FDI in multi-brand retail and increasing the FDI limit in single brand retail to 100%, which has been approved by the Union Cabinet in November 2011, albeit with a fewer drivers11. These drivers in bill are as followsFor multi-brand retail- Minimum investment of US$ 100 million by the foreign investor is required and at least(prenominal) 50% of the investment by the foreign company to be in back-end infrastructure. The proposal restricts the location of stores to cities with a population of one million or more (53 cities as per 2011 Census) inclined constraints more or less real estate, retailers are allowed to set up stores within 10 km of such cities. Also, at least 30% of manufactured items procured should be through do mestic itsy-bitsy and medium enterprises (SMEs). While the proposals on FDI entrust be sanctioned by the Centre, approvals from each State Government would be required.For single brand retail- While allowing FDI limit in single brand retail to 100% with government approval, some restriction is again laid down. The foreign investors are to be an owner of the brand and products to be sold should be of a single brand only. Also, in respect of proposals involving FDI beyond 51%, 30% sourcing would mandatorily dumbfound got to be done from domestic SMEs and cottage industries artisans and craftsmen. Further, like in multi-brand retail state government approval is necessityed.But, the climbing opposition by several political parties and State Governments has prevented the effective implementation of the key reform measure.Challenges For Foreign Firms In Organized Retail In IndiaThe first challenge is competition from the unorganized sector. Traditional retailing has been established in India for many centuries, and is characterized by small, family-owned operations. Because of this, such businesses are usually very low-margin, are owner-operated, and have mostly negligible real estate and labor costs. Moreover, they also pay little by management of taxes. Consumer familiarity that runs from generation to generation is one big advantage for the traditional retailing sector. It is often said that the mom-and-pop store in India is more like a father-and-son enterprise. Such small shops develop strong networks with local neighbourhoods. The cozy system of credit adds to their attractiveness, with many houses running up a tab with their neighbourhood kirana store, paying it wrap up every fortnight or month. Moreover, low labor costs also allow shops to employ legal transfer boys, such that consumers may order their grocery list directly on the phone. These advantages are significant, though gravely to quantify. In contrast, players in the organized sector have to cover big doctor costs, and yet have to dungeon prices low enough to be able to compete with the traditional sector.Getting customers to switch their buying away from small neighbourhood shops and towards large-scale retailers may be a study(ip) challenge.The other major challenge for retailers in India, as opposed to the US, is the storage setup of households. For the large-scale retail model to work, consumers call in such large stores and return with supplies likely to last them for a few weeks. Having such easy access to neighbourhood stores with whom, as discussed above, it is possible to have a line of credit and easy delivery service, engorged urban living conditions imply that few Indian households might be equipped with adequate storage facilities.Concerns Causing Roadblock In Implementation Of Relaxed Fdi NormsHistory has witnessed that the concern of allowing unrestrained FDI flows in the retail sector has never been free from controversies and simultaneously has b een an issue for unsuccessful deliberation ever since the advent of FDI in India. The young proposal for relaxation of FDI norm is also facing the same challenges and opposition creating roadblock for implementation of suggested reforms. The antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds which are as follows give-up the ghost pull up stakes lead to large-scale job losses.12International experience shows supermarkets invariably displace small retailers. Small retail has virtually been wiped out in developed countries like the US and in Europe. South tocopherol Asian countries had to impose stringent zoning and licensing regulations to restrict growth of supermarkets after small retailers were getting displaced. India has the highest shop density in the world with 11 shops per 1,000 slew. It has 1.2 crore shops employing over 4 crore people 95% of these are small shops run by self- employ people.Adverse impact on domestic small and unorganized retailers as the move would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets.13Global retail titans exit resort to predatory pricing to create monopoly/oligopoly. This can result in essentials, including food supplies, being controlled by foreign organizations.14Disintegration of established interpret chains by establishment of monopolies of global retail chains, leading to their control on both ends of the total chain.15Farmers to get affected on account of non-remunerative prices paid to them by these corporate giants.16Key Perceived welfaresIn spite of the recent developments in retailing and its immense contribution to the economy, it still continues to be the least evolved industries and the growth of organised retailing in India has been much slower as compared to rest of the world. Over a period of 10 years, the share of organised retailing in total retailing has grown from 10 per cent to 40 percent in Brazil and 20 percent in China, while in India it is only 2 per cent (between 1995-2005).17One important reason for this is that retailing is one of the few sectors where foreign direct investment is not healthily and liberally allowed. Given this backdrop, it is widely acknowledged by the advocators of the reform that FDI can have some positive results on the economy, triggering a series of reactions that in the long run can lead to greater efficiency and improvement of living standards, apart from greater integration into the global economy.18Some of the benefits claimed by implementing FDI in retail sector are as follows19These would alter cash-starved domestic retailers to deleverage their overly stretched balance sheets by plugging the gap between capital required for growth and the ability of local players to raise capital.Local incumbents will be benefited from technical inputs, investments in supply chain, and investments in human capital.There could be a dominance shi ft in bargaining power of these retailers with FMCG companies (at present, large FMCG players are better positioned vis--vis retailers in discussing terms of trade) once these retailers become large and attain size and scale.Improvement of supply chain/ distribution efficiencies, coupled with capacity building and induction of modern technology, which will help arrest wastages (in the present scenario, lack of investment in logistics and inadequate storage facilities have been creating inefficiencies in the food supply chain, leading to significant wastages). Though FDI is permitted in cold chains to the extent of 100% through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in front-end retail, investment flows into this sector have been insignificant.The move to open up retail sector to FDI will reduce inflationary pressures as Farmers will be able to directly sell their produce to retailers, thitherby reducing margins for middlemen.Investments in cold-storage and memory board will eas e supply-side pressures that have driven inflation close to a double-digit.Improved supply chain contributes to savings in food wastages which has been rampant on account of inadequate infrastructure.Further, consumers would also benefit from wider choices and better quality products.20Improvement in productivity and realizations for farmers through direct sales to these large organised players, thus eliminating the margins outflow to the middle-men who have been dominating the value chain, and whose pricing lacks transparency.The opening of the sector to FDI is expected to result in creation of over 10 million jobs (including 6 million jobs in the logistics sector alone) in three years, across agro-processing, sorting, marketing, logistic management and the front-end retail business.Expectations are that it would create jobs not only in the retail industry but also in related areas like real estate and construction.Consumer BenefitIn the fierce battle between the advocators and ant agonist of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the interests of the consumers have been blatantly and utterly disregarded. Therefore, one of the arguments which inevitably needs to be considered and addressed while deliberating upon the captioned issue is the interests of consumers at large in relation to the interests of retailers.21In wake of relentless protests for the opening up of the Indian retail market for the reception of unrestrained FDI, the Investment Commission in July, 2006, opined that that foreign investment would help in improving the retail and supply chain infrastructure, and generate large-scale employment in the country. In addition, the Indian retailers could absorb some of the best operational practices of these international retailers and gain in experience. Ultimately, the consumers would benefit due to the availableness of more product offerings, lower prices, and efficient service. The entry of large low-cost retailers and adoption of integ rated supply chain management by them is likely to lower down the prices. Also, FDI in retailing can well assure the quality of product, better obtain experience and customer services. They promote the linkage of local suppliers, farmers and manufacturers, no doubt only those who can meet the quality and safety standards, to global market and this will meet a reliable and profitable market to these local players.22Also, from the stand point of consumers, organized retailing would help reduce the problem of adulteration, short weighing and substandard goods. FDI will not just provide access to big financial resources for investment in the retail sector but simultaneously will rationally allow larger supermarkets, which tend to become regional and national chains to negotiate prices more sharp with manufacturers of consumer goods and thus pass on the benefit to consumers and to lay down better and tighter quality standards and ensure that manufacturers adhere to them.23Authors Vie wIn principle, governments should not prevent anybody, Indian or foreign, from setting up any business unless there are very good reasons to do so. Hence, unless it can be shown that FDI in retail will do more harm than good for the economy, it should be allowed. Authors are of view that concern raised by opponents is exaggerated. Opening up of FDI as per reform in India could potentially be a mixed blessing for domestic players and negative impact if any is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time.A major argument given by opponents of FDI in retail is that there will be major job losses. Frankly, the jury is out on whether this is the case or not, with different studies claiming different findings. Big retail chains are actually going to hire a lot of people. So, in the short run, there will be a spurt in jobs. Eventually, theres likely to be a redistribution of jobs with some drying up (like that of middlemen) and some new ones sprouting up. Infact, the government has a dded an element of social benefit to its latest plan for graduate opening of the multi-brand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the back-end supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi brand retail outlets in the country. The whole idea is that the firms must have already created jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing. Also, fears of small shopkeepers getting displaced are vastly exaggerated. When domestic majors were allowed to invest in retail, both supermarket chains and neighbourhood pop-and-mom stores coexisted. Its not going to be any different when FDI according to the reform is allowed. It is also pertinent to note here that that with the possible advent of unrestrained FDI flows in retail market, the interests of the retailers constituting the unorganized retail sector will not be gravely undermined24, since nobody can force a consumer to visit a mega shopping hard or a small retailer/sabji mandi. Consumers will shop in accordance with their utmost convenience, where ever they get the lowest price, max variety, and a good consumer experience. The argument that farmers will suffer once global retail has developed a virtual monopoly is also weak. To begin with, its very unlikely that global retail will ever become monopolies. Stores like Wal-Mart or Tesco are by definition few, on the outskirts of cities (to keep real estate costs low), and cant intrude into the territory of local kiranas. So, how will they gobble up the local stores. Mega retail chains will keep price points low and attractive thats the USP of their business. This is done by smart procurement and inventory management Good practices from which Indian retail can also learn.The benefits of larger FDI in other sector has been tangibly felt in the domains pertaining to technological advancements, generation of export, production improvements, and hastening of manufacturing em ployment. smashing inflow into India has increased and so have the exports from the country. Allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial surge in the countrys GDP and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not just employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have undoubtedly failed to provide to the masses employed in them. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-competitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments.Further, with regard to the concern raised about limit of cap for FDI in multi- branding authors would like to highlight that Industrial organisati ons such as CII25, FICCI, US-India Business Council (USIBC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and Shopping Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) party favor a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with. recommendationFDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has direct impact on a large chunk of population.26Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell doom and deepen the gap between the rich and the abject. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. Therefore, apart from the drivers structured in the bill negative effect if any can be further diluted and given below are the recommendation for the sameReconstituting the poverty stricken and stagnating rural sphere into a prior moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this goal it can be stipulated that at least some percentage of the jobs in the retail outlet should be keep backd for rural youth and that a certain amount of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers.Public Distribution System is still in many ways the life line of the people living below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendenc ies.Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies.27A depicted object Commission must be established to study the problems of the retail sector and to evolve policies that will enable it to cope with FDI- as and when it comes.The proposed National Commission should evolve a clear set of conditionalities on giant foreign retailers on the procurement of farm produce, domestically manufactured merchandise and imported goods. These conditionalities must be aimed at encouraging the purchase of goods in the domestic market, state the minimum space, size and specify expound like, construction and storage standards, the ratio of floor space to parking space etc. Giant shopping centres must not add to our existing urban snarl.28In order to address the dislocation issue, it becomes exacting to develop and improve the manufacturing sector in India. There has been a substantial fall in employment by the manufacturing sector, to the extent of 4.06 lakhs over the period 1998 to 2001, while its contribution to the GDP has grown at an amount rate of only 3.7%.29The government must actively encourage setting up of co-operative stores to procure and business line their consumer goods and commodities from small producers. This will address the dual problem of limited promotion and marketing ability, as well as market penetration for the retailer. The government can also facilitate the setting up of warehousing units and cold chains, thereby lowering the capital costs for the small retailers.Set up an Agricultural spoilable Produce Commission (APPC), to ensure that procurement prices for perishable commodities are fair to farmers and that they are not ill-shapen with relation to market prices.Quality regulation, certification price administration bodies can be created at zone and lower levels for upgrading the technical and human interface in the rural to urban su pply chain.Credit availableness for retail traders must be encouraged with a view to enhancing employment and higher utilization of fixed assets. This would lead to less wastage (India has currently the highest wastage in the world) of perishables, enhance nutritional status of producers and increase caloric availability. proofIndias retail sector remains off-limits to large international chains especially in multi-brand retailing. A number of concerns have been raised about opening up the retail sector to FDI in India. But, after in depth study it can be safely contended that the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. While initially the small indigenous retailers business would be force once modern retail enters the locality, this adverse impact is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time.Indias experience between 1990-2010, particularly in the telecommunications and IT industries, showcases the various benefits of opening the door to large-scale investments in these sectors. Arguably, it is now the turn of retail. It is expected that organized retail could help tackle inflation, particularly with wholesale prices. It is also expected that technical know-how from foreign firms, such as warehousing technologies and distribution systems, for example, will lend itself to improving the supply chain in India, especially for agricultural produce. Creating better linkages between demand and supply also has the potential to improve the price signals that farmers receiv