Customer feedback Essay

The purpose of this report is help Dave Smith, the General Manager of the Landmark Hotel Auckland to improve the hotel’s current customer satisfaction measurement scheme by comparing a range of survey methods and recommends the most appropriate survey programme for the hotel. The report is broken down to two sections. The first section defines customer satisfaction and articulates the importance of measuring customer satisfaction. Section one also compares the functions of CSQs and TripAdvisor.com and introduces the content analysis method to the Landmark Hotel. The second part of the report defines measures of central tendency and dispersion and presents calculations from the guest survey spreadsheet provided. Based on summary table 1.1, the report briefly describes what the calculations mean to the hotel and produced a short recommendation. The report is produced with several limitations, which need to be addressed and overcome for future research. The recommendation made to Landmark Hotel under the first part, regarding the most appropriate research method was selected based on one of only two options. Further, since there is no standard ways to perform content analysis, the report simply presented what appeared to be the most logical procedure. Finally, the recommendation regarding internal marketing was much generalised due to word limits. PART A Defining Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction has been a topic of great importance in business practices. There is an overwhelming amount of outcome definitions characterising customer satisfaction, many of which have not yet been empirically tested. According to Yi (1993), some academics and practitioners define customer satisfaction from an outcome-based approach. Alternatively, other perceives and defines customer satisfaction as a process. Engel and Blackwell (1982) defined customer satisfaction as â€Å"an evaluation that the chosen alternative is consistent with prior beliefs with respect to the alternative† (p. 501). This definition is comparable with the disconfirmation theory, which proposes that guests are either satisfied or dissatisfied based on their expectations prior and subsequent to the purchase of the actual service experience. In this section, we are particularly concerned with the importance of measuring customer satisfaction. Fortunately, this question can be answered directly using the service-profit chain. The service-profit chain is simply a proposition of a series of linkages between â€Å"profitability, customer loyalty, and employee satisfaction, loyalty, and productivity† (Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser & Schlesinger, 1994, p. 164). Customer satisfaction represents a crucial role in the service-profit chain because satisfaction is essentially a driver of customer loyalty (retention, repeated business and referrals), which directly impacts the profitability of a hospitality firm. Customer satisfaction is extremely important because it produces word-of-mouth, reduces operating overheads and facilitates price premiums (Denove & Power, 2006). Hospitality firms constantly look for more effective ways to measure customer satisfaction. Managers try to achieve greater accuracy in survey outcomes and use them to reliably address the gaps between management’s visions and the customer’s needs. Comparing Data Collection Methods Guest Feedback Forms Guest feedback forms, comment cards or customer satisfaction questionnaires (CSQs) are frequent tools used by most hotels for measuring customer satisfaction. Barsky (1992) stated two major disadvantages of guest comment cards, â€Å"poor construct validity†¦ poor statistical validity† (Barsky, 1992, p. 51). Yesawich (1978) also hypothetically considered CSQs as â€Å"more often than not, unreliable and statically invalid† (p, 72). Barsky (1992) further argues that guest comment cards may indicate customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction and related trends, but generally does not provide sufficient information for decision-making. Poria (2004) outlined several key advantages of using CSQs during guest complaints. Poria claimed that asking the guest to fill in CSQ would allow the staff extra time to resolve the problem and calms the guest. Tripadvisor.com In comparison with CSQs, Tripadvisor.com is an online interaction platform. Unlike the majority of quantitative methods, online customer reviews often articulate psychological changes of the hotel guests. According to Li, Ye and Law (2012), online reviews are more likely to convey guest’s true feelings, which make up for the missing information that was not captured by guest surveys. Tripadvisor.com and other eWOM platforms allow managers to interact with the guests, form one-to-one dialogues and perform qualitative content analysis. Content analysis is a systematic and objective approach to make inference from written data (Downe†Wamboldt, 1992). Like all qualitative research methods, content analysis is concerned with meanings and contextual aspects of a service experience. Content analysis can be described as an intensive exploration of a single customer review and typically, managers look for rich and vivid descriptions in the review, rather than generalised knowledge. However, content analysis and comparable qualitative research methods may lack scientific validity. Thus, it is difficult for managers to make reliable generalisations from a confined sample size. Research Methods and Design The Landmark Hotel needs to go beyond measuring performances and begin to understand perceptions and gain practical and context-dependent knowledge relating to specific guest experiences. I recommend the Landmark Hotel to focus on qualitative content analysis. Content analysis can be performed on online guest reviews as well as guest comment cards. Additionally, I recommend the use of open-ended question in guest comment cards in order to provide greater insights to the guest’s feelings (Lukas, Hair, Bush & Ortinau, 2005). According to Guthrie and Abeysekera (2006), content analysis requires a randomly selected sample, clearly defined criteria of analysis and a systematic data categorisation method, so that statistical analysis of the data can be performed. Downe†Wamboldt (1992) proposed an eight step procedure that the researcher should follow when conducting content analysis. These steps can be briefly described as 1) selecting unit of analysis, 2) defining the categories, 3) defining the categories, 4) testing for reliability and validity, 5) define or revise coding rules, 6) pre-testing the revised category schemes 7) data coding and 8) reassessing reliability and validity. According Marković and Raspor (2010), reliability of content analysis can be improved by developing coders for similar contents. Data coding allow researchers to measure frequency and percentage through tabulations, compute measures of central tendency and dispersion, test for difference, association and interdependence by performing t-tests and chi-square analysis using SPSS applications. Integration After the results have been analysed and interpreted, the researcher can choose to integrate and present the research outcomes within the hotel using an analytical report that is credible and believable. The report clearly defines the research problem/issue and the research methodology, which clearly articulates the objectives of the research, the research design used, descriptions of samples and the sampling methods and the how data are analysed. The results section is the most important section. This section should contain presentations of findings that are relevant to the research problem. The report should also contain a conclusion section, a recommendation and a limitation section which illustrates â€Å"extraneous events that place certain restrictions on the report† (Lukas, et al., 2005, p. 557). PART B Calculations and Definitions of Measurements Considering the guest survey spreadsheet, I have calculated the measures of central tendency and dispersion for each behavioural intention scale. For measures of central tendency, I have computed the mean, median and mode respectively. These measures are used as data reduction, which describes the set of responses through a single value. The mean is â€Å"the arithmetic average of the sample† (Lukas et al., 2005, p. 436). The mean is derived from the sum of all values pertained from the responses and divided by the exact number of valid responses. The median is â€Å"the middle value of a rank-ordered distribution† (Lukas et al., 2005, p. 436). The mode is defined as â€Å"the most common value in the set of responses to a question† (Lukas et al., 2005, p. 436). Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion. It is defined as â€Å"the average distance of the distribution values from the means† (Lukas et al., 2005, p. 438). The Excel function which I have used to compute the standard deviation of the data given was STDEV.S. STDEV.S estimates standard deviation from a sample rather than the entire population. The guest survey spreadsheet provided a number of intention statements aimed to obtain some ideas about guest experiences for certain aspects of the hotel. The management hoped to explore the guest’s intended behaviours as much as possible and the likelihood that guests will demonstrate predictable behaviour towards staying at the hotel in the foreseeable future. Table 1.1 shows that first and second rating scale demonstrated a lower average value in comparison with other rating scales. Evidently, service standard and staff competence to make guests feel accustomed during their stays did not meet the required expectations. Question eight also shows that on average, guests would not recommend the Landmark Hotel to others. Recommendations I postulate that service quality could be a major contributory factor to declines in booking rates. According to Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985), there are ten determinants of service quality – competence, courtesy, reliability, responsiveness and understanding are five relatively important determinants directly influenced by staff. Additionally, empathy and assurance are additional components of service quality directly determined by hotel personnel, as proposed in the SERVQUAL scale (Parasuraman et al., 1988). For the purpose of restoring and improving service quality, I recommend an adjustment of focus onto internal marketing activities. According to George and Gronroos (1991), â€Å"internal market of employees is best motivated for service-mindedness and customer-oriented behaviour by a marketing-like approach, where marketing-like activities are used internally† (p. 86). Internal marketing is essentially a process of building a customer-oriented culture through training and achieving internal satisfaction. Internal marketing implies a number of activities besides training utilisation. Take, for example, regularly assessing internal satisfaction, empowerment, and the provision of adequate supervisory support, open communication policies and the development of a sound reward system all forms part of internal marketing activities that seeks to achieving continuous quality improvements. References Barsky, J. D. (1992). Customer satisfaction in the hotel industry meaning and measurement. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 16(1), 51-73. Denove, C. & Power, J. D. (2006). Satisfaction: How every great company listens to the voice of the customer. New York, NY: Portfolio. Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: method, applications, and issues. Health care for women international, 13(3), 313-321. Engel, J. F., & Blackwell, R. D. (1982). Consumer behavior. New York, NY: Hole, Rinehard and Winston. George, W. R., & Gronroos, C. (1989). Developing customer-conscious employees at every level: internal marketing. Handbook of services marketing, 29-37. Guthrie, J., & Abeysekera, I. (2006). Content analysis of social, environmental reporting: what is new?. Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 10(2), 114-126. Heskett, J. L., & Schlesinger, L. A. (1994). Putting the service-profit chain to work. Harvard business review, 72(2), 164-174. Li, H., Ye, Q., & Law, R. (2012). Determinants of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: An application of online review analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, (ahead-of-print), 1-19. Lukas, B. A., Hair, J. F., Bush, R. P., Ortinau, D. J. (2005). Marketing research. North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited. Markovic, S., & Raspor, S. (2004). Measuring perceived service quality using SERVQUAL: a case study of the Croatian hotel industry. Management, 5(3), 195-209. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. & Berry, L.L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49, Fall, 41-50. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. & Berry, L.L. (1988). SERVQUAL: a multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Spring, 12-40. Poria, Y. (2004). Employees’ interference with the distribution of guest satisfaction questionnaires. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(5), 321-324. Yesawich, P. C. (1978). Post-opening marketing analysis for hotels. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 19(3), 70-81. Yi, Y. (1993). The antecedents of consumer satisfaction: The moderating role of ambiguity. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 502–506.

Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue

This essay will undertake chiefly about the wellness topic that was assigned to the writer s group which is Tuberculosis, this so accounts for the mortality of several million people each twelvemonth chiefly, in the 3rd universe states. Health appraisal and background Introduction M. TB has been a plague for the human race for centuries. There is grounds to propose that it has perchance been endemic since at least 10, 000 BC. ( Suarez et al. , 2001 ) . At the present twenty-four hours, it is a disease which is increasing on a planetary graduated table ( WHO 2006 ) . Prevalence The WHO has been cardinal in the coordination of a figure of strategies which are targeted at guaranting that quality-assured TB programmes are rolled out in countries which are perceived to be at greatest demand ( WHO 2006 ) . These enterprises have resulted in a state of affairs globally, where 53 % of all people who are diagnosed with extremely morbific TB received intervention in conformity with the internationally recommended TB control scheme in 2004. This compares with 10 % in 1995 as an exemplifying illustration. The WHO reports that 84 % of this group were treated successfully ( WHO 2006 ) . The push of this determination is that, despite the fact that the incidence of TB in the United Kingdom is relatively low, easiness of modern travel allows exposure of the United Kingdom population to some populations where the incidence is well higher ( Scriven & A ; Garman, 2005 ) . The bulk of long term migrators, and many visitants travel from the states where there is a high incidence of active TB ( & gt ; 40 per 100,000 ) and enter states where the incidence is relatively low ( & lt ; 25 per 100,000 ) ( Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society, 2005 ) . To set this in position, the incidence of active TB in the native UK population is in the part of 4.4 per 100,000, and this contrasts with 121 210 per 100,000 in certain nonnative populations. The increased hazard of infectivity of foreign born subjects has been demonstrated to go on for up to 20 old ages after migration ( Baudette & A ; Ellis, 2004 ) . It clearly follows that, in low incidence states such as the UK, the nonnative population are responsible for the bulk of new instances of active TB. Studies put the existent incidence between 35 – 70 % of all new instances. ( Euro TB 2007 ) . Current showing and control steps In Western Europe, and North America, presently more than half of all new active TB instances diagnosed occur among nonnative recent migrators. ( Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, new wave Soolingen, de Haas, Veen & A ; van Embden 2008 ) Despite the high proportion of active instances now being found in usually low-incidence states which are attributable to nonnative occupants, the impact on the public wellness is comparatively low. A figure of recent surveies ( viz. ITA 2005 ) have demonstrated that the current thorax radiogram testing programmes in topographic point in the UK have small impact and are non cost-efficient. Screening of immigrants with sputum civilization has been demonstrated to better cost-effectiveness marginally. The intervention of latent infection which can be detected through testing with either tuberculin tegument proving or chest radiogram may necessitate the infliction of coercive steps for the mark populations to maximize impact and cost-effectiveness. ( Dahle, Sandve n, Heldal & A ; Caugant 2003 ) Some governments ( viz. Vernon 2010 ) nevertheless, suggest that, in contrast, contact tracing, peculiarly within cultural communities, appears to be more cost-effective and less intrusive. Taken in overview, in low-incidence states such as the United Kingdom, showing of immigrants at the point of entry appears to hold small overall impact and does non look to be a really cost-efficient TB control scheme. More effectual options have been suggested and these include contact following which is delivered through the primary attention substructure and, on a planetary graduated table, increased investing in planetary TB control ( Davies & A ; Macdowall 2006 ) . Rationale and mark group There are a immense figure of possible wellness promotion-related activities in this context. It is clearly beyond the range of a short reappraisal to see more than one facet in any grade of item. This reappraisal will therefore curtail its consideration to wellness publicity mechanisms which can be used to observe, hint and dainty immigrants to the United Kingdom from high TB incidence states. Evaluation of such steps can be from a figure of positions, in the current economic clime of the NHS, which is basically a rationed service, an appropriate appraising tool would be cost-effectiveness. ( Pender, Murdaugh & A ; Parsons 2002 ) . Clearly there are other positions, including acceptableness to the immigrant population ( which may be reflected in issues of conformity ) or the existent impact of a relatively little figure of instances of active TB in the community which could be dealt with by trust on the natural herd unsusceptibility of the population and contact tracing as suggested by Ewles ( Ewles 2005 ) The importance of such wellness publicity activities can be gauged from the fact that the bulk of new instances of TB amongst the immigrant population are attributed to a reactivation of a antecedently latent infection. This is most likely to happen within the 2 – 5 year following migration. ( 10 Asbroek, Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, et al. , 2006 ) . Molecular epidemiological surveies have besides shown that a little proportion of new instances can be acquired after migration, with the Chin survey proposing that this would be in the part of 20 – 30 % ( Chin, De Riemer & A ; Small 2006 ) . In the UK it has been demonstrated that the kids of nonnative occupants have higher degrees of active TB than the general population and this incidence is increased if regular visits are made to their state of beginning. ( Ormerod, Green & A ; Gray 2001 ) Policies: In the UK, specific consideration of the in-migration policy shows that the demand for testing is non cosmopolitan. Immigrants who are meaning to remain longer than 6 months either have to be screened for TB ( and some other complaints ) before come ining the UK or to be screened on reaching. Those who do non be after to remain more than 6 months or are merely tourers are non capable to showing, even those who are coming from a high hazard states. It is considered that it is impractical to test all in these classs and the primary wellness attention installations are expected to pick up sporadic instances opportunistically as they present in the population. If this is contrasted with the wellness publicity policy in the Philippines, one can observe that the scheme in the Phillipines has changed well in the last decennary. It has been noted that the incidence of drug-resistant TB is at its greatest in those with HIV, the urban hapless and the prison populations. The decrease in prevalence is greatest in these groups and the Government has reported that it has achieved a 34 % decrease in notified instances in the last decennary. The National Stop TB Partnership was introduced in 1994 and increasingly expanded. It combined with the National Interagency Coordination Strategy for TB in 2003. In bend, this was superseded with the National Strategic Plan in 2006 which has aimed to cut down the incidence of TB. It would look that the steps to test for TB in immigrants to the Philippines are limited with no demand for short term travelers to be screened. Consideration of the broad image of TB control in the Philippines suggests that the state has been fighting with the issue for many old ages. This has been hampered by considerable economic demands on authorities installations from other need-areas against an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS, which is a major predisposing factor for the development of TB in this peculiar hazard group. Funding for TB control comes non merely from Philippine national resources but besides from international resources such as the Global Fund On a planetary graduated table the steps reported, and mostly instigated by the WHO, showed that the incidence of planetary TB peaked in 2004 and that the end of cut downing the 1990 mortality rate by half by 2015 appears to be on path, chiefly through the coordination of the DOTS programme. In specific consideration of footings of Health Promotion activity, testing for a peculiar disease is by and large considered justified if, in the frequently quoted analysis of Sackett et al. , the disease is comparatively common and treatable. The ideal screening trial should be cheap, easy to administrate, do no uncomfortableness to the patient, and offer both high sensitiveness and specificity. ( Sackett, Haynes & A ; Tugwell 1985 Pg 21 ) . Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue: Tuberculosis is said to be a high hazard catching type of disease that could endanger the wellness of the public one time this has non been traced, treated, and isolated. This, holding said can be fatal but most decidedly curable. It can be transmitted through a simple sneezing or cough by person who has been infected by this disease, the bacteriums can so be spread through the air and anyone nearby who can inhale it can acquire infected. The bacteriums normally dwell in the lungs, where it normally grows. It might remain and the organic structure s natural defence might discontinue the bacteriums from turning and become hibernating but one time the organic structure s immune system is at below par, this is where the danger sinks in ( WHO, 2007 ) . The manner of transmittal is undeniably effortless and giving therefore should be considered a menace to every person most particularly to the vulnerable groups ( the elderly, the babies, the pregnant adult females and those whose immune s ystem is depressed ) . Bradshaw s demands If one considers the wellness publicity issues from a theoretical point of view, one can observe that Bradshaw attempted to specify demands. Taking a social position Bradshaw categorised demands as normative ( distinguished by professionals, such as inoculation ) , felt ( wants, wants and desires ) , expressed ( vocalised demands or how people use services ) and comparative demands, which indicates that needs originating in one location may be similar for people with similar socio-demographic features populating in another location ( Bradshaw 1972 Pg 22 ) . This probe will be normative in this context as it will chiefly see the issue from the population needs as defined by health care professionals. ( Downie, Tannahill & A ; Tannahill 2002 ) . Need for testing Further accent for the demand for good wellness publicity activities comes from consideration of the economic effects of TB infection. In the USA ( where it is easier to quantify health-related disbursement ) the entire one-year outgo on TB was in surplus of $ 700 million even a few old ages ago. It is believed that a similar figure ( proportionate to the population ) is incurred in the UK. ( Brown, Miller & A ; Taylor 2005 ) Methodology The methodological analysis for this reappraisal has been to analyze and critically analyze the peer-reviewed literature on the topic and to deduce decisions from the grounds base thereby established Analysis of the activity Screening processs Screening programmes in the UK historically ( after WWII ) consisted of compulsory CXRs for all new immigrants. As the incidence of TB in the general population diminished, the cosmopolitan CXR was finally abandoned. It was besides the instance that it was discovered that the impact on the public wellness, in footings of a decrease of sputum-positive instances, overall morbidity or mortality, was negligible. ( Toman 1999 ) . The current policy in the UK is for immigrants to undergo CXR on reaching and so are later referred to the wellness authorization where they will later shack. Value of CXR The trouble here is that merely a really little proportion of immigrants who are screened with CXR are found to hold antecedently undiagnosed active pneumonic TB. Even from the high-incidence states it is & lt ; 1 % ( Blum, Polish, Tapy, Catlin & A ; Cohn 2003 ) . Paradoxically, it has been shown that the prevalence of instances of latent infection which are associated with CXR abnormalcies ( that is inactive TB and/or apical fibronodular disease ) is instead higher with Comstock et al. seting it at 3 – 5 % ( Comstock, Edwards & A ; , Livesay 2004 ) . From the public wellness point of view, one has to see that it is rather possible to hold latent TB infection with no CXR abnormalcies at all and between 35 – 42 % of instances fall into this class. ( Nolan & A ; Elarth 2005 ) Combination testing A more common and rational attack utilises a CXR to observe active tubercular disease and the tuberculin skin trial ( TST ) to observe any grade of latent infection. This method nevertheless, has non significantly reduced the incidence of TB in the community and hence one has top consider other methods of sensing such as phlegm civilizations, acid-fast staining and nucleic elaboration trials which are presently available. A figure of sero-assays and trials of cell-mediated unsusceptibility are being developed but should be considered under development at the present clip in this context. ( Wright, Walley, Philip, Petros & A ; Ford 2010 ) If one considers the wellness publicity deductions of showing of immigrants so one has to see the comparative virtues of each of these activities. It is normal pattern in the literature to compare each process to the gilded criterion of a positive phlegm civilization. As has already been outlined, the CXR has a low positive predictive value and this is found to be even lower in instances of HIV/AIDS infection. Schoch et Al. hold pointed out that the huge bulk of positive CXRs are really false positive consequences. ( Schoch, Rieder, Tueller, Altpeter, Zellweger, Rieder, Krause & A ; Turnheer 2007 ) Although sputum civilization is frequently referred to as the gilded criterion for diagnostic truth, one should observe that a individual civilization is no more sensitive than a CXR. It appears to be by and large accepted that a microbiological civilization of three to six phlegm samples is needed to be extremely sensitive for active pneumonic TB. The specificity of a TB civilization is really high and there are really few false positives and these by and large occur as a consequence of cross-contamination during research lab handling. ( Bothamley, Ditiu, Migliori & A ; Lange 2008 ) Some Centres presently use acid-fast staining as a mechanism to increase the effectual choice up rate. This proves to be more specific but less sensitive than a CXR. ( Bothamley, et Al. 2008 Smart analysis If one considers this wellness publicity attack from the position of a SMART analysis. It is surely specific as it is designed to aim TB instances from abroad. It is manageable to a grade as, within the targeted population, it is manageable by the presently bing health care mechanisms, either by direct showing of some of those persons perceived to be at hazard, or reach following if the initial showing is neither done or has a false negative result.. It is provably accomplishable as it is already in topographic point, there is a bigger inquiry as to whether cosmopolitan showing of all reachings in the UK is accomplishable and the current policy is dictated on the premise that it is non. ( Lalvani & A ; Pareek 2010 ) Relevance to the general Public Health is clear, as steps to curtail the spread of TB through the general population, peculiarly the drug immune strains, are clearly relevant. Time relation is more hard to measure as the policy is different for different immigrant groups. Those going on a short term clip graduated table ( less than six months ) are merely non screened. Some immigrants ( non all ) geting with the purpose of remaining longer than six months are screened. It would look that, in footings of clip consideration, some are screened prior to arrival and others after reaching in the UK so there is non a clearly defined reply to this inquiry. If considered from a strengths and failing point of view. The strengths are that the policy tends to aim long term immigrants, peculiarly from high hazard countries, which are the population group that are most likely to present a hazard to the general population. Clearly, holding identified those with active or latent TB, the mechanisms are available and active within the UK to adequately handle those who are identified and besides to reach hint and dainty any instances which may hold arisen through community contact with an identified septic person. The failings are that the current United kingdom policy allows in short term visitants, who may good be infected, unscreened, and relies on mechanisms of contact tracing and timeserving clinical intercession for new instances which arise periodically in the population. The short term ends for this current scheme appears to be to place those persons, chiefly from high hazard communities, who wish to shack long term in the UK and to either garbage admittance or to guarantee that they are on appropriate intervention prior to admittance to the UK. The longer term ends appear to be to cut down the exposure of the general UK population to instances of active and perchance drug-resistant TB from the immigrant population. This attack seems to be appropriate for the wellness publicity job which confronts the UK. It clearly is non perfect, as there is the possible for instances of TB to come into the state without any grade of medical showing, if they intend to be in the UK for less than six months. Although the official line is that TB requires prolonged contact in order to be a wellness hazard to another person, this is non purely true as there is no reputable grounds base to propose that contact has to be a lower limit of six months for transportation of TB between persons. ( Mack, Migliori, Sester, Reider, Ehklers & A ; Goletti et Al. 2009 ) Evaluation Cost effectivity When Dasgupta et Al. studied the comparative cost-effectiveness of these assorted mechanisms for sensing of TB they found that the costs of testing utilizing a sputum civilization method were really higher per capita, the cost per instance of active TB found would be lower when compared to CXR. This is besides reflected in the other methods which, although their costs may really be lower in footings of showing costs, because of their decreased specificity, the overall costs would be much higher. From a Health Promotion point of view nevertheless, this is non the whole narrative as the cost of testing is non overriding. This is because testing carried out with a trial with greater specificity, such as sputum civilization, would necessarily ensue in fewer false-positive trials. In bend, this would ensue in lower costs for the clinical probe of persons who had false-positive trials. The importance of this remark is that the 2nd phase of a medical probe is more expensive than all screening trials. ( Dasgupta & A ; Menzies 2005 ) Latent disease sensing Although the obvious impact of wellness publicity would be directed at the sensing and appropriate intervention of active TB. If one is sing the immigrant population of the UK, so latent signifiers of the disease processes are merely every bit of import to observe. As has already been discussed, phlegm trials are of no value and CXRs are of merely minimum value in this status. The TST is a trial which depends on the development of cell-mediated immune responses which merely occurs at some clip after exposure to the TB being. It is carried out by injection and is demonstrated to be positive with the development of skin sclerosis within 48 – 72 hours. Although this trial is considered to be the most effectual for the sensing of latent infection, in the presence of active infection between 10 47 % of patients will hold a falsely negative trial. ( Erkens, Slump, Kamphorst, Keizer, new wave Gerven, Bwire, Berkel & A ; Borgdorff 2008 ) Health publicity benefits Health publicity considerations suggest that, in the USA at least, the TST trial is given to all immigrants who have come from a state of high TB incidence. The presence of latent infection amongst immigrants to the UK is presently about 30 75 % depending on state of beginning. A positive trial is normally followed up with a class of INH which will cut down the hazard of farther spread through the population. It should be noted that false positive consequences can happen with a past history of BCG inoculation every bit good as exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacterium, both contingencies being common among appliers from developing states. In a unusually elaborate survey, once more carried out in the USA ( chiefly for grounds of finding costs ) Saraiya et Al. calculated the cost-effectiveness of a Health Promotion enterprise which offered TNT testing to all new immigrants to the state. The inside informations of the survey are highly complex but, in kernel, the writers found that, in the twelvemonth 2002, without TST showing, 13,933 instances of active TB instances could be predicted, but, if a TNT showing programme together with isoniazid intervention was instituted, so 4,342 instances would be expected. The computations suggested that the net cost to the state without TST testing would be estimated at $ 338 million, and this compares to the cost with TST testing in the part of $ 258 million. ( Saraiya, Cookson & A ; Tribble et Al. 2002 ) . These costings, although taking into history a immense figure of factors, do hold some defects such as there is no accounting of the set up costs of such a Health Promotion programme. The writers translated these figures into a net economy of $ 8,320 per instance of TB prevented. Any wellness publicity strategy has besides to take note of the fact that this is non an ideal universe which can be absolutely mathematically modelled and the Saraiya et Al. survey did non do allowances for factors such as any immigrant refusing to undergo TST proving or failure of those who did prove positive with TST to describe for subsequent medical rating. There is besides the possibility that the immigrants my garbage to get down the therapy if it is deemed to be appropriate. ( Naidoo & A ; Wills 2005 ) Conformity Unfortunately such factors are non merely theoretical, they appear to interpret into pattern with surveies such as Cain et Al. showing that jobs such as these were responsible for a really significant decrease in the overall effectivity of the Health Promotion programme, as merely between 11 30 % of immigrants who had a positive TST trial were found to hold successfully completed an appropriate class of antimycobacterial therapy. ( Cain, Haley, Armstrong, Garman, Wells, Iademarco, Castro & A ; Laserson 2007 ) . From a clinical point of view there is a farther complication nevertheless, and that appears to be that there is a sub-group of persons with latent TB who have unnatural CXRs and who are at an increased hazard of reactivation. Cain et Al. point out that hence CXR followed by TST showing may be a more effectual Health Promotion scheme and may be more cost effectual if it consequences in the eventual intervention of fewer immigrants who have latent infection, but who are at a greater hazard of reactivation. This protocol was investigated by Shwartzmann et Al. and, utilizing a Markov theoretical account, the writers attempted to work out the costings involved. Although the methodological analysis was non every bit rigorous as that employed by Saraiya et al. , they were able to reason that, in those immigrants who had latent tubercular disease with abnormalcies found on the CXR, a important figure could be targeted and prevented from reactivation. ( Schwartz adult male & A ; Menzies 2004 ) . Education and conformity In the context of patient instruction, one can observe that this survey besides found that of the 353 patients who constituted the entry cohort, merely 145 really completed the preventive therapy class. It is non clear from the survey whether this group merely was lost to follow up or the health care professionals merely did non acquire over the message of the importance of taking the medicine, which may look counterintuitive to an immigrant who really has no obvious symptoms. Hazard issues If these wellness publicity steps were translated into the likely scenario of an immigrant coming to the UK from a high TB prevalence state, so Kik et Al. suggest that if the premise is made that the prevalence of latent TB was 50 % of all TB instances, so merely supplying CXR would be probably to forestall 1.2 active instances per 1,000 immigrants screened and the usage of the TST trial would be probably to forestall 2.9 instances per 1,000 immigrants screened. ( Kik, Franken, Mensen, Coblens, Kamphorst, Arend & A ; Erkens 2010 ) . The TST government would be more expensive, non least because it would be expected to place a larger figure of low-risk persons every bit good as the group of as false-positive reactors who would all hence be considered campaigners for chemoprophylaxis. Contact following as wellness publicity activity Although this reappraisal has considered the wellness publicity effects of testing at immigrant entry to the UK, there is besides the mechanism of contact following which, a figure of surveies ( viz. Hardy, Varma, Collyns, Moffitt, Mullarkey & A ; Watson 2010 ) have concluded, is besides a cost-efficient manner of restricting TB spread. The set up of the primary wellness attention construction in the UK is suited for such steps as community based contact following squads can be geographically positioned. Some of the early surveies ( viz Omerod 1993 ) estimated that 1 % of all immigrant contacts had active TB at the clip of the initial showing process and, at least at the clip of the survey, 10 % of all active TB instances which were later treated were identified entirely through the mechanism of following the contacts of those who were found to be positive. Such a mechanism is besides cost-efficient with Grzybowski et Al. showing that, in an entry cohort of 244 immigrants, 103 contac ts were traced and 6 were found to hold active disease. ( Grzybowski, Fishaut, Rowe & A ; Brown 2001 ) . The writers besides found that, because of the personal intercession of the health care professionals, there was a high conformity and intervention completion rate amongst this group. The big Underwood et Al. survey, which was completed in the UK, in a badly economically deprived country with chiefly Bangladeshi immigrants, went farther and demonstrated that contact following really proved to be more efficient than testing of new entrants at the point of entry. Using contact following entirely, the writers found 13 instances of active TB from contacts of 322 new immigrants. ( Underwood, White, Baker, Law & A ; Moore-Gillon 2003 ) Decisions In decision, it is clear that wellness publicity requires designation of those immigrants who have active or latent TB and who arrive in the UK in appreciable Numberss. It is clear that there is no 1 showing technique which will adequately cover with all contingencies. Assessment and rating of the assorted techniques described demonstrate that each has peculiar strengths and failings. A considered combination of CXR and TST together with appropriate contact following appears to offer the most effectual mechanism for aiming intervention for those in demand and to understate the likeliness of farther disease transmittal. It is clearly problematic whether a showing programme which considers all immigrants ( peculiarly those from high hazard states ) is either executable of economically practical or whether the combination attack outlined above is a matter-of-fact via media which keeps the bulk of the active instances out of the UK with maximal cost effectivity

Emerging Technology and Its Implications Essay

With the increasing attention being accorded to climate change in the mainstream media these days, there is also an increased attention being given to technological solutions to assist in combating the problem. While such solutions are admirable in that they go above and beyond the usual calls for recycling and the purchase of ‘green’ products – which have been proven to be of trivial impact upon the large scale flaws in systems of production and consumption that characterize industrial modernity – not all of them should embraced uncritically. It is only by subjecting every proposal to save the planet to scrutiny that we can determine a truly sustainable future. One of the ideas that has been receiving increasing currency in environmentalist discussions are large scale planetary ‘technofixes’ collectively referred to as geo-engineering or planetary engineering. These include mirrors in space designed to reflect excess amount of sunlight, artificial trees designed to suck carbon out of the atmosphere, and managed release of sulfates into the atmosphere, and many, many other epic plans to manipulate the ecological fabric of our planet.   Here’s the rub: The term geo engineering is a rather questionable one, as it implies that it has the same kind of empirical or mathematical certainty as engineering when it doesn’t. It smoothens over many of the bumps and curves that characterize our problems and demand creative solutions. In effect, planetary salvation becomes as easy as building a tunnel into a hill or a bridge across a river, when in fact our collective understanding of the systemic impacts is far less than the geo engineering promoters would have us believe. One might as well call it ‘planetary experimentation.’ While the potential benefits proposed are of an epic magnitude, this magnitude would also apply to the potential consequences. Take for example a proposal to suck carbon dioxide into the planet’s oceans by seeding it with iron deposits. Many, including the Scientific Steering Committee of the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) have observed that this has the potential to worsen ocean acidification and lead to catastrophic results for marine ecology: â€Å"The oceans are complex, dynamic, unpredictable and already vulnerable †¦ We need   [to] build their resilience, not undermine it [not] quick fixes to this global problem that may [cause far more long-term harm] than good.† (Gjerde) Additionally, the historical track record of large scale intervention in the name of environmental concern has never been very good to begin with, asserts Alex Steffen of Worldchanging: â€Å"From damming rivers to fighting forest fires to eliminating pests †¦ efforts have †¦ in hindsight [been] so overrun with unintended consequences as to become full-blown disasters, often †¦ worse than the original problems †¦. [And the] cost of errors [increase] with the magnitude of the attempted solution.† (Steffen) Geo engineering is essentially a ‘silver bullet’ solution, one which reduces the political will to creatively retrofit our present lifestyles in such a manner as to be sustainable and environmentally sound, while still being able to enjoy the luxuries of post-industrial advancements. In essence, the tools for a greener world are already here and their downsides are negligible in the face of overwhelming benefits both environmental and societal. In any case, discussion over geo engineering merely provides a distraction from mustering the political will necessary to effect true change. It provides climate change skeptics a justification for political indifference to redressing our present way of life: Why opt for better designed cities, fuel efficient vehicles and profound infrastructural rethinking when we can merely ‘erase’ the effects of our problematic systems? One’s stance on geo engineering is not a question of whether you are a techno utopian or a complete Luddite. However, there is a major distinction to be made between technology that is transparent in agenda, collaborative in nature, and egalitarian in application as well as easy to remedy and technology that is centralized, expensive and difficult to reverse. Between â€Å"Star Wars† –   a missile defense system saddled with so much corruption that does nothing to provide for homeland security – and nuclear power – a promise of perpetual source of energy whose failures wreaked massive consequences – we ought to regard geo engineering with suspicion: dangerous until proven safe. Geo engineering is unnecessary. â€Å"Fixing† the planet in such a manner is turning a blind eye to the way we live: it shows a lack of innovation and political courage that is necessary to the bright green future.   Works Cited Stiles, Lori. â€Å"Space Sunshade Might Be Feasible In Global Warming Emergency.† NASA Earth Observatory. 3 November 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2008 from: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2006/2006110323537.html Bentley, Molly. â€Å"Guns and sunshades to rescue climate.† BBC News. 2 March 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2008 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4762720.stm Gjerde, Kristina. â€Å"Hold back the geo-engineering tide.† BBC News. 11 December 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2008 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7133619.stm Romm, Joseph. â€Å"Rule three of offsets: No geo-engineering.† Grist Magazine Online. 27 July 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2008 from:   http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/7/27/144848/844

Multiple Regression Analysis Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Regression Analysis - Statistics Project Example Governments’ focus on improving labor force and imports are recommended for economic growth. Economic growth is an important factor to governments, whose responsibilities include availing resources for public utilities and ensuring good living standards that are dependent on economic well being. Governments also have the responsibility of ensuring good macroeconomic environment for economic competitiveness in the international scope. Gross domestic product is one of the indicators of economic growth and its value can be used to understand factors to economic growth and to inform macroeconomic policies in a country. This report analyses factors to economic growth with the aim of identifying significant factors. Human capital is one of the factors that have been associated with economic growth and according to Somashekar (N.d.), is directly proportional to growth. International trade and foreign direct investment inflow have also been associated with effects on a country’s economic growth. Foreign direct investments have diversified indirect and positive effects on economic growth. Imports and exports have also been associated with economic development and the factors have beet correlated with foreign direct investment flows (OECD, 2002). This paper investigate relationships between gross domestic product and employment rate, as an indicator of human capital, foreign direct investments, import, and export. The following hypothesis is tested. A survey design is used in the study with reliance on secondary data. The Central Intelligence Agency library is used as the source of data. Stratified random sampling is used to select countries, the research participants, and respective data identified. Four countries are selected from Europe, Africa, America, and Asia. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are used to analyze the data. Each of the variables has high standard deviations and this suggest possible variations across other

Colorado Department of Education Website Search and Critique Research Paper

Colorado Department of Education Website Search and Critique - Research Paper Example The pages "For Educators" and "For Administrators", on the other hand, contain almost the same information such as educator licensing services, information on early childhood, K-12, and adult education programs, and links to outside resources. Finally, the "For Parents & Students" page offers information on district schools, state & federal grants, and home schooling, among many others.  Ã‚   Helpful Information Overall, I think the website offers  a holistic picture  of the current state of educational system in Colorado. Through data and statistical reports, one can get a glimpse of how schools and students perform well or poorly. This constant monitoring of performance serves as a reminder  for school administrators to maintain or improve their performance. Parents and students, meanwhile,  can readily access a wide variety of information that  can guide them in making education-related decisions. The website offers information on district schools, their performance, a nd programs that enhance student learning. Finally, the public is kept updated on latest developments through the news and announcement pages. Missing Information I'd like to find information about the department's future plans and directions.

Government, Market Forces and Renewable Energy Systems (RES) Essay

Government, Market Forces and Renewable Energy Systems (RES) - Essay Example To tackle this issue globally there have been recent researches in the line of climate change mitigation, use of renewable resources, and energy economics. Climate mitigation  relates to activities associated with the alleviation of the potentially harmful aftereffects of global warming by â€Å"implementing policies to reduce GHG emissions and enhance sinks† (Verbruggen, A., IPCC Glossary Working Group III, annex I, 818). The UN delineates climate mitigation as a form of â€Å"human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases† (United Nations, Glossary of climate change acronyms, 2011).  Examples for mitigation include using renewable energy resources like wind or solar power, judicious use of fossil fuels in industries or for production of electric power, bettering building  insulation, afforestation  and increasing the number of other sinks that would displace larger amounts of  atmospheric carbon dioxide  from the atmosphe re (ibid). ... However, an April 2011 report shows that the atmospheric volume level of CO2 by itself is 393 ppm, while increasing at an average annual rate of 1-3 ppm (Direct Air Capture of CO2 with Chemicals, 2011, 4). Therefore, to avoid violating the target set at 2  °C target, the levels of CO2 in atmosphere must necessarily be stabilised as soon as possible, though it is unlikely that the set target would be achieved soon (Adam, World will not meet 2oC warming target, climate change experts agree, 2009). However, a majority of the nations consider mitigation strategies for greenhouse gas emissions as expensive, and there is a widespread debate regarding mitigation costs and the nature of costs-distribution of climate change mitigation, amongst the developed, the developing, and the underdeveloped nations. Ensuring climate change and energy supply security are the core concerns for a majority of the world’s policymakers aiming to frame a worldwide energy system that is sustainable in nature. 1 Climate Change To meet the EU target of keeping global temperature rise below 2oC, the volume of atmospheric CO2 equivalents must be kept within volume limits of 445 - 490 ppm, as expressed in the 2007 report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC, 2007). In 2005, greenhouse gas emission concentration had already reached CO2 equivalents of 450 ppm, owing to which IPCC had appraised in the report that greenhouse gas discharge must reach its highest level latest by 2015 (ibid). The report also suggested that greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 50–85% by 2050 (relative to the figures recorded in 2000), and the reductions made must be nearer to 85% to avoid

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thomas Jefferson - Essay Example In 1698, much before the birth of Jefferson, Locke wrote in the second chapter of his famous Second Treatise on Government: â€Å"All men by nature are equal†¦in that equal right that every man hath to his natural freedom, without being subjected to the will or authority of any other man; †¦ being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jefferson understood these natural rights to be the most significant for the preservation of human dignity and happiness. He said: â€Å"Perhaps it will be found that to obtain a just republic (and it is to secure our just rights that we resort to government at all) it must be so extensive as that local egoisms may never reach its greater part; that on every particular question, a majority may be found in its councils free from particular interests, and giving, therefore, an uniform prevalence to the principles of justice†. For him the ideal political system for America was one which respected and upheld these rights, the rights which were a man’s by birth, which could not be created by a government but could of course be violated by it. To this end, Jefferson’s contribution to the constitution were the first ten amendments which together constitute the â€Å"The Bill of Rights†. These were put in place to ensure that the American government could never supersede the natural, God-given rights of the American citizen. Jefferson’s vision for America saw a nation where the people were the first priority, not the institutions and organizations. He never wanted institutions to have the power to manipulate people, and saw governments, organized religions and commercial monopolies as threats to the people. He opposed the formation of banks, commercial monopolies and a standing military. To Jefferson, the agrestic ideal of a farming community seemed ideal, where the the people were not dependent on

Green Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Green Accounting - Essay Example It is based on the existing financial accounting standards. In United Kingdom it is a combination of a company law and company accounting standards framed by the regulatory bodies which is utilised by the accounting professionals of UK (Sigma Projects, 2003). Different countries follow different kinds of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) accounting principles based on their regulatory and legal frameworks. Sustainability and sustainable accounting have different meanings and applications. The concept was first coined by Brundtland Commission and published in the report Our Common Future in the year 1987 (Christofi and Sisaye, 2006). It involves the effective and optimum utilisation of resources and reducing carbon emissions, wastage, environmental impacts. Sustainability accounting on the other hand helps in the financial reporting and communication about the sustainability initiatives and actions to the shareholder’s and stakeholders of the company. ... The global climate change has been the result of the industrialisation process that has caused carbon emissions, global warming and weather extremities such as drought and floods (Khan, 2011). It has helped companies to identify their past and potential future environmental impacts and benefits in addition to the historical and financial outcomes from their business activities. It also provides forward-looking information to help the companies implement and formulate strategic solutions to strengthen the business performance and to respond to the sustainability challenges that the environment faces. Sustainability accounting also helps in the risk management through identification and analysis of sustainability related risks and opportunities. Interdisciplinary relationships between ASD practices and organisational success The main purpose of sustainability accounting reporting is measuring, disclosing and being accountable to the stakeholders of the company to evaluate the organisat ional performance. Sustainability accounting is a broad term used for describing financial reporting on the environmental, economic, social impacts (World Commission on Environment and Development, 2006). A sustainability accounting report should be able to provide a relevant and balanced representation of the sustainability performance of the company (World Commission on Environment and Development, 2006). The various purposes of sustainability report are as follows 1) Demonstrating how the organisation is influenced and influences by expectations about the sustainable development. 2) Benchmarking and analyzing the sustainability performance of the company with respect to the norms and regulations of the regulatory

Business Plan of a Restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan of a Restaurant - Essay Example The BM is unlike other typical sandwich shops, it attracts a diverse crowd from historic Vietnamese-European to a younger crowd, which is wowed by equipping with a cool-forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the Internet and big-flat screen TV that customers can quickly check e-mail at the BM Internet Zone Counter or plug in your own laptop at a designated area and watch update news, popular music, and sports from a luxury leather chairs with fireplace to the unique modern seats while enjoying an extensive menu of delicious items. The BM is the suitable response to a gradually increasing demand .The effective community wants a place to socialize and share these experiences with friends and colleagues. The BM generously contributes its patrons the ability to drive up or walk-in and orders their selection of a wide range of exciting products. We offer BM's very owned cultures to its customers the finest traditional hot & cold beverage and delightful food highly increases in determination introduced Vietnamese " Banh Mi" and European sandwiches, Vietnamese iced cafe, Pho (noodle soups) and spring-rolls. In addition, BM will offer East meets West individual people with desserts, freshly baked gourmet pastries and other confections, plus other custom drinks such as fruit- smoothies, original drink juices, flavored milkshakes, and freshly roasted coffee on site. 1.2 Mission The Original BANH MI Factory will reinvent the sandwich experience for individuals, families, and take out customer's discretionary income by offering superior quality, innovative products at a reasonable price, designing tasteful, convenient locations, and providing industry-benchmark customer service. Your pride is the BM's ultimate goal. The BM aims to be a cornerstone in a permanent community, creating a neighborhood atmosphere where satisfied consumers seem comfortable and become instant regulars. BM is sensitive to the often over-looked popularity of healthy and delicious baked goods and beverages, filled with the best ingredients. Constantly striving to supply what the potential customers are calling for and improving on what is available in the competitive market and adding recent products and services to the designated area of need. BM will assure our success in a market driven by consumer demand. 1.3 Keys to Success There are four keys to success in this business, three of which are virtually the same as any foodservice business. It is our fourth key "the Community Mission "that will give the BM extra measure of respect in the public eye. 1- The greatest locations: visibility, high traffic pattern, convenient access. 2- The best products: freshest baked goods, cleanest equipment and environment, premium-serving containers, consistent flavor and value. 3- The friendliest servers: cheerful, skilled, professional,

The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose Essay

The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from. - Andrew S. Tannenbaum - Essay Example Computer users are required to use computers in a way or manner respecting the needs of the other computer users and the society in general. There are practises in computing that are regarded illegal, immoral, and unprofessional. Professional responsibility Experts in the field of computing have moral duties and responsibilities to their customers, their bosses, colleagues, as well as the society in general geared towards achieving or accomplishing their skilled and specialised obligations. In other words, all professionals in the field off computing have from time immemorial guided by a code of ethics that guides them to make their own resolutions when face with moral issues. It is important to consider the fact that professional responsibility in computing is directed by moral values and standards, trustworthiness, morality, impartiality, independence as well as magnanimity (Bott, 2005). In definition, professional responsibilities can be defined as the supplementary or extra oblig ations that ought to be assumed by computing professionals or computer users in respect to their exceptional and distinctive understanding, talents, and abilities (Baase, 2012). According to Bott (2005), these ought to be also assumed in respect to their relationship and connections between them and other individuals in computing practise, and the faith and hope of the public in general. Therefore, a computing professional is supposed to support, maintain, and defend the standards and principles within the society, diagnose, identify, and follow the set rules and guidelines of professional practise, and as well endorse and encourage individuals of the public in their endeavours. The role of code of ethics A code of ethics is defined as the standards or principles adopted by an institution aimed at helping employees and other stakeholders within that particular institution make a distinction between what is considered wrong and what is right. Codes of ethics in computing acts to help computer users to comprehend the decisions they make. It is of importance for professionals to ensure that computers are used correctly in order to maintain professionalism. The use of computers in many organisations or institutions is subject to a number of guidelines or procedures. These set guidelines and procedures of practise that ought to be followed discourage individuals using computers in their endeavours to avoid any issues that may invade or go against the certification agreements or accords. There are a lot of standards for computer users to choose from and sometimes it might be confusing. In learning institutions for instance, learners using computer technology have to comply with the set guidelines and standards. These are otherwise known as the code of ethics. Any member of the learning institution or any other person affiliated to the learning institution is bound by the code of ethics either legally or morally (Bynum and Rogerson, 2004). There have been cases in th e past whereby some people have used another person’s email account deceitfully. Institutions have put it down in their codes of ethics that such behaviours are illegal and anyone found guilty of employing fabricated and deceitful identity can be sentenced to serve time in jail or pay a fine. It is not enough to talk about the factors that helps maintain professional practise in computing today without mentioning the negative effects of computers on children. Computers within the reach of children should be

Racial Disparity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racial Disparity - Research Paper Example Even if it could be considered as one of the social problems of modern societies, racial disparity has caused severe concerns to governments worldwide mostly because of the following facts: the problem seems to be continuously expanded, i.e. there is no sign of limitation or even standardization; also, the phenomenon has been already developed at such level that threatens the stability of the society. Racial disparity is a critical social problem in countries worldwide. The problem is mostly reflected in the barriers faced by black people or people belonging in minorities when trying to enter the job market (The Independent 2008, NBC Washington 2011); the health care treatment provided to black people and people in minorities also reveals the existence of racial disparity (McNeil 2011). In criminal justice also, cases of racial disparity can be identified. ... ted though that the failure in managing racial disparity is not reflected just in the punishment imposed on offenders; it seems that criminal behavior is increased in black people and people belonging in minorities, a fact which shows the lack of measures for equally controlling crime across society. In a research developed in 2008 â€Å"10.1 percent of all blacks reported using illegal drugs compared to 8.2 percent of all whites† (Di Benedetto 2011). Racial disparity is an important social problem; however, its limitation would require an integrate plan of action; the introduction of changes in the criteria of sentencing would not be adequate for reducing the number of minorities in courts and prisons. However, the development of effective measures for achieving the above target would require the identification, primarily, of the causes of racial disparity, as reflected in various social activities and specifically in the criminal justice system. Various causes have led to th e increased presence of minorities in criminal activities. Commonly, the access of people belonging in minorities to educational programs is quite difficult; even if they are given such chance, their potentials to continue a long-term educational plan are quite limited (Lawrence 2009). In this way, they are not informed on the actual consequences of a crime, not only for them but also for the community and the victim. Therefore, they are likely to be involved in criminal activities, having the impression that these activities are just an option of life, a common social phenomenon that would not severely affect their life. The above perception is further promoted by the fact that minorities do not have access to health services or to the job market (Lawrence 2009). In this way, they often consider

Crime in America Essay Example for Free

Crime in America Essay Crime statistics tells us the variation of crimes that are being committed in the United States. The Bureau of Statistics compiles information processed in the federal justice system and gives us statistics on the many different crimes in America. This is a site that compiles crimes and tells us about how many different crimes are being committed and how many times they are being committed. This also gives us an idea of how much space we need to house these criminals. There are many jails and prisons that are over populated. Statistics also tell us that our crime fighting is not as good as it should be. With the websites for crime reporting this helps us to see what crimes are being committed and, how we can prepare for this and, how to prevent it. There is not a way to stop all crime or even prevent it but if we know what crimes are being committed more it will help us get a better understanding on how to catch the criminals that are involved in this type of behavior. In my honest opinion no crime is ever going to be completely stopped. If we all work together to pinpoint the main crimes we may also be more prepared to deal with them and catch the individuals involved. Crime in America today is on the rise the question is how to fix it before it gets out of hand. There are many different crime reporting measuring systems today. These help us get an idea of what crimes are being committed the most in what areas. With these types of statistics we may be able to start fighting crime in these areas to prevent further destruction in our communities. The Nation’s two crime measures are the UCR program and the NCVS. The UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting) this program collects information on crimes reported to law enforcement agencies. It compiles data monthly from the state agencies that report to the FBI. This system examines each report for accuracy or errors that may have occurred. It compares each monthly report to previous months and years to determine how much crime was committed from each month to each year. It gives us a detailed annual report. This comes in handy when trying to figure out if crime is on the rise or it is decreasing. The NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) this program gives us a detailed picture of crime incidents, victims and trends. This is used to uncover crime, update the survey methods and broaden the scope of crimes measured. The survey is designed to collect detailed information on the frequency and nature of the crimes that are being committed. This helps us to determine how many times this crime is committed and how it is being committed. It does over 43,000 personal household interviews twice a year. They rotate new houses every couple of years to make sure that it remains as accurate as possible. It also estimates crimes that have been reported and those that have not been reported. It also summarizes the reasons that individuals give for reporting or not reporting the crime. These programs share many similarities and differences. The similarities that they have are that they both measure crimes. The way that they measure crimes are very different from one another. But they both hope to achieve the same things. How they differ the most is in what they do. The UCR is designed to gather information and determine the statistics of the crimes reported by the law enforcement officers. The NCVS was designed to provide information about crimes that used to be unavailable. Also the two crime programs are different in other ways a well. One may judge crime by the size of the household, why the other judge’s crime by the number of crimes divided by so many people in that area. So as you can see even though they are out to achieve the same thing they just do it in different ways. It is hard to tell if the public’s perception of crime has changed over time. American’s perception of crime may be influenced by their assessments of how things are going in the country today. They also perceive it to be on how the country is economically. If America has a higher amount of jobs the crime rate may go down. When jobs are low and there is no work the crime rate may go up. Looking at the amount of crimes committed each year can also determine the public’s perception from one year to another. If they see more crimes in the last two years then they did in the previous years they are going to see that crime is on the high. I think that the future of crime depends on the economy. It also depends on how much crime is reported, and how people relate the experience of their crimes. If crimes are not being reported it is hard to figure out what types of crimes are being committed. It is hard for me to predict the future of crime because each criminal and each crime is different. If there were more people in America that would work as a whole to keep their community as safe as possible, I don’t think that crime would be big in that particular community. Also there are crimes today that are being committed due to lack of jobs. Most people will do what they have to, to make sure that their families are being taken care. A lot of problems today in my opinion depend on job security. If more people could have jobs then I don’t think that there would be as many crimes being committed. The American crime rate in my opinion just depends on the economy and the people in the economy. If you want to make a difference you will. If you don’t then you will be part of the problem not the solution.

Transportation And Communication In Pakistan Economics Essay

Transportation And Communication In Pakistan Economics Essay In Pakistan there are 96 roads of inland freight and 92 of passenger traffic and undoubtedly the backbone of Pakistans economy. Current road network of Pakistan is about 2,60,000 km which caters services to 11 million vehicles of all type and also NHA roads network is around 12,000 km, which is merely 4% of the overall road network but takes 80% of Pakistans commercial traffic. In Pakistan NHA has completed 12 projects of flyovers, bridges, interchanges and road up gradation during the last one year at a cost of Rs. 19.6 billion. At present, 46 development projects having length of 2,985 km are ongoing at a cost Rs. 245 billion in different sections/packages. All the 46 development projects include construction of roads, river Bridger, tunnels, flyovers, interchanges. In Pakistan during the current financial year, NHA has launched/awarded 16 new development projects covering a length of above 500 km inclusive construction of a number of bridges, flyovers and interchanges costing Rs. 70,951 million. NHA is simultaneously constructing 12 Bridges across the rivers. These are; on rivers Chenab 4, on rivers Sutlej 2, on river swan 1 and 5 on river Indus. Heavy rains and floods severely damaged the transport and communication system during last 2 years and preliminary estimates indicate that road approximately 8,385 km and 190 km railway lines were damaged including bridges and allied structures. In Pakistan Telecommunication infrastructure includes damages to cellular sites, exchange centres, equipment, power system and supporting civil works is amounting to $1.9 million. Ministry of Railways has also adopted a Track Access Policy for private sector participation to operate freight and passenger trains on Pakistan infrastructure and they also created a Real Estate Development and Marketing Company as subsidiary of Ministry of Railways. There are six factories including Locomotive Factory Risalpur, Carriage Factory Islamabad, and four concrete Sleeper Factories in Kohat, khanewal, sukkur, are Kotri, are being corporatized for eventual privatization subject to approval of the government. Pakistan cabinet committee of restructuring has approved a restructuring framework for their Railways and also during the last financial year, 16 kms of track was rehabilitated on Pakistan Railways network besides doubling more than 15 kms of track. There are 52 new design passenger coaches were imported from China at a cost of Rs. 4.1 billion. Remaining 150 passengers coaches will be manufactured at Pakistan railways carriage factory Islamabad by June 30, 2013. 22 passengers coaches have been rehabilitated at Pakistan Railway Carriage Factory Islamabad during last year. There is a new dry port was set up at Prem Nagar near Raiwind industrial area, Lahore through public private partnership at a cost of Rs. 494.0 million. International Airlines Corporation of Pakistan earned increased revenue amounting to Rs. 116.02 billion in year 2011 as compared to 107 billion last year. A purchase agreement of 5 Boeings 777 has been signed. In Pakistan two new destinations have been introduced during the year 2011: Karachi Madina and Quetta Zahedan and also there are three new routes were introduced during the year 2011: Peshawar Kaula Lumpur, Sialkot-Riyadh and Sialkot-Dammam. In Pakistan Karachi port trust handled cargo 27.8 million tonnes during the first 9 months current fiscal year. In Pakistan consolidated revenues of PNSC group during July-March 2011-12 were Rs. 6,640 million as compared to Rs. 6772 million last year and also the corporation intends to acquire four vessels through commercial loan/joint venture basis. In Pakistan acquisition of two vessels in process, while two more vessels will be acquired in next financial year. In Pakistan the Total cargo handled on Gawadar port up till now is 4.1 million tones while Gawadar Portearned total revenue since its start of operation amounting to Rs. 53.4 million and also in the Port Qasim Authority handled a cargo volume 19.7 million tones during July-March 2011-12. The volume of cargo importduring July-March 2011-12 stood at 14.7 million tones, and alsoexports handled 4.9 million tones during July-March 2011-12. Pakistan Ministry of Communications has prepared a draft National Transport Policy which coversall modes of transport sectors i.e. (i) Roads, (ii) Railways, (iii) Ports Shipping and this policy also includes the National Transport Corridor Improvement Program(NTCIP). This programme has been launched in the country to revamp the whole transportsector including ports, roads, railway etc. and provides a frame work to developand improve the North South corridor. In Pakistan mobile penetration rose 64.9percent in 2011-12 against 60.4percent in 2010-11 whichshows an improvement of 4.3 percentage points in total teledensity. So due to mobile substitution in pakistan, Fixed Local Loop teledensity has been declining over the yearsand it stands now at 1.93 percent compared to 2.1 percent last year showing a decrease of 0.17%. There is the total mobile subscribers reached 118.3 million by the end of March 2012 as compared to 108.9 million last year in pakistan and subscribers of Local Loop (FLL + WLL) reached at 5.93 million, out of which 3.10 million belong to FLL and 2.83 million belong to WLLin these nation. The broadband subscribers reached 1.9 million at the end of February 2012 in pakistan because of that the revenues of the telecom sector during the 2011-12, standing at Rs. 363 billion compared to the last year 344.2 billion show an increase of 5.4 percent. In the last year 2011, telecom sector invested US$ 495.8 million with cellular mobile sector being the major contributor.and also telecom sector attracted over US$ 79 million Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the country which is about 5 percent of the total FDI landed in Pakistan in 2011. In pakistan the Auction of 3G licenses is expected which will bring more FDI in the country. Telecommunication Authority and the State Bank of Pakistan have signed a memorandum of Understanding (MoU) both the institutions have shown their interest and commitment in stimulating mobile banking services in the country. In pakistan cumulative investment of approximately US $ 2.5 billion in the electronic media industry. Because of cumulative invesment new jobs to more than 200,000 people of diversified skills and qualifications have been provided. In addition, over seven million people have been accommodated through indirect employment. In pakistan with the current growth rate of more than seven percent per annum, it is estimated that the cumulative investment in the electronicmedia industry will reach above $ 3.0 billion by the end of the current financial year. There is also a PBC External Services, broadcast programmes for 08 hrs daily in 11 foreign languagescovering Afghanistan, Iran, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka in pakistan. The total Central Production Units (CPU) produce music, drama, features, documentaries and programmes for special occasions. CPU has over 2 million minutes recording in itsarchives which are being digitized in the country. In these country the PBC News is putting on air 117 News bulletins daily.it includes National, Regional, External and Local News bulletins besides resume of National Assembly and Senate. These PBC news launched broadcast FATA News, special news bulletins from PBC Hyderabad onrain/ flood situation and ongoing rescue and relief activities in Urdu and Sindhi languages. These countrys Post provides services through a network of 12,035 (1,797 urban and 10,238 rural)post offices across the country. The total money orders of Benazir Income Support Programme amounting to Rs.16,642.0 millionhave been paid within prescribed period of time. There is also 55 Small and Smart Express Centres have been set up in the urban areas. In Pakistan during the period July-March 2011-12 an amount of Rs. 160,266.9 million has been Collected through National Savings Schemes and earned commission amounting to Rs. 801.3 million During this period. Energy In these country of pakistan the primary energy supply during current year is 64.52 million TOE compared to 63.09 million TOE last year thus showing an increase of 2.3 percent. The availability of energy per capita in 2011 remained 0.372 Tone Oil Equivalent TOE compared to 0.371 Tone Oil Equivalent (TOE) in 2010 posting a positive growth rate of 0.16%. In Pakistan the average crude oil production during July-March 2011-12 remained 66,032 barrels per day as against 65997 barrels per day during the corresponding period of last year, showing an increase of 0.05%. In Pakistan the industrial sector had shown positive growth of 24.2% in the consumption of petroleum products during July-March 2011-12 when compared with last year. The Transport sector in this country surprisingly showed a relative small growth of 3.5 percent in the consumption of petroleum products as consumption of petroleum product in transport sector remained 6,832.9 million tones during July-March 2011-12 compared to 6,599.1 million tones during corresponding period last year in Pakistan. The total consumption of petroleum products in the power sector was 8,139 million tons compared to 8,814 million tones last year which hampered the growth in this sector, thus posting negative growth of 5.2 percent in this sector in this country. In the gas sector of Pakistan supply increased by 4.9 percent in July-March 2011-12 as the average production of natural gas was 4236.06 million cubic feet per day during this period while it was 4,050.83 million cubic feet per day in corresponding period last year. In Pakistan the natural gas in the form of CNG posted a positive growth 10.8% during July-March 2011-12. There is a total contribution of Hydel in electricity generation increased to 33.6% in 2010-11 in this country. In Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) remained the main contributor to electricity generation with 48.7% coming from this source. Karachi Electricity Supply Corporation (KESC), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Kot Addu Power Company (KAPCO) and the Hub Power Company (HUBCO) have 8.3, 3.6, 6.2 and 9.1%, respectively. In Pakistan the Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have contributed almost 25%. Water and Power Development Authority is executing, on priority basis, the projects such as 969 MW-Neelum Jhelum, 1410 MW-Tarbela 4th Extension, 7100 MW-Bunji, 4320 MW-Dasu, 740-MW Munda Dam and most mentionable 4500 MW-Diamer Bhasha Dam projects, to cope with the increasing demand of power in this country. There is almost 96% work on the main dam at Mangla, spillway and allied facilities had been completed and resettlement work is in progress. Likewise 99.7 percent work on Satpara and 72.1% on Gomal Zam dam has been completed. In this country there is one of the beneficiaries of Tetra-partner power import project under the head of Central Asia-South Asia (CASA-1000) electricity trade. In Pakistan the household sector consumed 44% of the total electricity generated followed by industrial (26%), government (12.3%), agriculture (10.4%) and commercial (6.8%) during July-March 2011-12. In Pakistan the major users of coal are the cement sector and brick kilns; about 60% of total coal is consumed by cement while 39 percent is consumed by the brick kiln industry during current year as compared to 62% consumption of coal in cement industry and 37% in brick kiln industry last year. Safety In Pakistan Health situations at household level has registered an improvement, in terms of 66% of population using flush toilets compared to 63% in 2008-09, because of that it creates a good and healthy environment. In this country Benazir Income Support Program launched by the government with the primary objective of providing immediate relief to poor people. Benazir Income Support Program has made remarkable progress by providing much needed relief to over 4 million recipients including Internally Displaced Persons and bomb blast victims all over Pakistan. In this country Rs. 122 billion up to March, 2012 have been disbursed to its beneficiaries. Benazir Income Support Program has an allocation of Rs 50 billion for the financial year 2011-12. Benazir Income Support Program recipients are expected to be increased to 7 million once the on-going processing of data collection during the nation-wide poverty scorecard targeting survey is finished. Benazir Income Support Program has launched a number of programs of society safety including (i) Payment to Recipients, (ii) Graduation Initiatives, (iii) Waseela-e-Haq, (iv) Waseela-e-Rozgar, (v) Waseela-e-Sehat and (vi) Waseela-e-Taleem. This countrys poverty Alleviation Fund is dedicated for micro credit, enterprise growth, community based infrastructure and energy projects, maintenance enhancement and protection, social mobilization, and capacity building. The overall disbursements for core operations during the period of July- December 2012 are Rs. 8,490 million. Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal is making a important contribution in poverty decrease by providing support to destitute, Widows, Orphans, and other needy. Rs. 1777.50 million has been utilized up to Feb. 2012 on many schemes. Zakat funds have been utilized for assistance to the needy, indigent, poor, orphans, widows and handicapped. Up to March, 2012 Rs. 7800.27 million have been spread in bulk amongst the provinces. In this country Peoples Works program (PWP) I II are providing electricity, gas, farm to market roads and other services to the rural poor. PWP-I II incurred expenditures of Rs. 5 billion and Rs 21.30 billion during 2010-11 respectively whereas Rs 2.20 billion expenses have been incurred between July-December 2011-12 on Peoples Works program -I and Rs 2.90 billion expenditures on Peoples Works program -II. In Pakistan Employees Old Age Benefits Institution provided profits to the old age workers through Old Age Pension, Inaccuracy Pension, Stayers Pension and Old Age Grants and Rs. 7961.20 million has been developed during July- March 2011-12. In this country Workers Welfare Fund utilized Rs. 2539 million during July-March 2011-12 for housing services and Marriage Grant, Death Grant and Scholarships etc. for the industrial workers. In Pakistan Government has also taken various micro-finance initiatives in collaboration with all stakeholders to create employment occasions and to eliminate poverty. Environment In Pakistan a number of projects have been funded by the government to deal with growing environmental degradation and also there are number of projects funded by the donors in which the government is a partner. All these projects are being currently implemented to develop overall atmosphere in the country. In Pakistan climate change is a zone that has become progressively important in recent years. In this regard, the National Climate Change Policy 2011 provides a outline for addressing the issues that Pakistan faces or will face in future due to the changing climate. The goal of the National Climate Change Policy is to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially helpless sectors of the economy and to steer Pakistan towards climate resilient development. In Pakistan Urban air pollution remains one of the most important environmental problems, facing the cities. In Pakistan extensive body of research exhibits that high attentions of suspended particulate matter adversely affect human health; prolong a wide range of respiratory infections and increased the probability of heart diseases. In this country the higher attention of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air is a major issue. In Pakistan the main sources of suspended particulate matter are vehicular emission, industrial emissions, burning of Solid waste, pollens and natural dust. Motorcycles and rickshaws, due to their two stroke (2-strokes) engines, are the most ineffective in burning fuel and contribute most to productions. In this country the situation of access to drinking water is quite extraordinary. In this country according to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics report (PBS) Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2010-11, access to drinking water to urban and rural population of Pakistan is 94 and 84%, with an average of 87 % in 2011. In Pakistan hygiene facilities are improving. However, much improvement is needed for rural areas hygiene facilities. According to Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007-08,the garbage collection facilities to the population is only 14% done through municipalities, 7% through confidentially managed and remaining 79% have no system. In Pakistan according to a report released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) 2012, 92% people had enlarged access to drinking water by 2010 while this ratio was 85% and 89% in 1990 and 2000 respectively. In Pakistan the MDG aim is to achieve the ratio of 93% by 2015. Moreover, 48% people have been using better sanitation by 2010 while this ratio was 27% and 37% in 1990 and 2000 respectively and also the MDG target for access to sanitation is 90% by 2015. In Pakistan damage and need assessment report jointly prepared by the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank regarding overflows 2011, it has been pointed out that in addition to beginning loss of life, movement of millions, and huge losses to the economy, the floods in 2011 have also resulted in environmental harms, heightened environmental health risks and affected forests, swamps and other natural systems. In this country the Environmental damage caused by floods has been estimated at Rs. 2763 million (US $ 31.8 million) and Green reconstruction needs has been estimated at Rs. 2874 million (US $ 33.02 million). Flood Impact Assessment In this nation Simple monsoon rains triggered floods in Southern Pakistan at an extraordinary scale, both in terms of size and strength, swamping all 23 districts of Sindh Province and connecting areas of northern Baluchistan Province. In Pakistan Approximately, 9.6 million people were affected in Sindh and Baluchistan as a result of the floods; 520 people died and more than 1180 people were injured and also according to World Bank and Asian Development Bank report, 27,000 sq. km. area damaged in Sindh province out of the total 27,370 sq. km. There is also the flood caused total or partial damages to an estimated 998,376 housing units in Sindh and Baluchistan so that it causes the overall economy of the country. In Pakistan the highest cause occurred in the agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector, has been estimated at Rs.160 billion because of the flood and also the total damage caused by 2011 floods has been expected amounting to Rs.324.50 billion. In Pakistan the total cost of recovery and re-establishment needs has been estimated at Rs.239 billion.

Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, 2005

Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, 2005 The 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory movie promotes a dark moral lesson of the gluttony, pride, greed and ignorance. The film has undertone of consequences of good and bad behaviour in children. The analogies are visibly projected in the film of how those who characterize the hideous vice to get their comeuppance, on the contrary, those who characterize loving and caring traits eventually meet their fortune. Music numbers were incorporated to emphasize their doomed punishment. This movie draw the audience into a beyond imaginative story that shows us love and passion could still be found in our society. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 musical adventure film directed by Tim Burton. It is an adaption of the 1964 childrens book of the same name by Roald Dahl. Johnny Depp starred as Willy Wonka and Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket. The story if about a talented Willy Wonka, the eccentric owner of a chocolate factory, hid five golden tickets in his Wonka chocolate bars. The lucky finders of the golden ticket will be invited to visit the factory with one family member, and one of the five will then win a lifetime supply of chocolates and a special secret prize. All five children who win golden tickets present different personality traits and behaviour, as well as their family members. The chocolate factory is run by Oompa-Loompas, a tribe of little people from Loompaland, whom Wonka invited to work for him in return of Coca beans. Upon the journey inside the mysterious chocolate factory, the children, one by one, are eliminated accordingly to their misbehaviour. Only Charlie is spared and carries the day winning the special secret prize which turns out to be the inheritance of the factory. However, Charlie refuses because Wonka insist Charlie to leave his family behind. At last, Charlie assist Wonka to reconcile with his alienated father and Charlie, ultimately inherits the chocolate factory. Though there is not a specific time of history or place setting in the movie, the story is easily noticeable that it starts in cold snowy winter. Winter is a sign of hibernation and perseverance. But there is hidden renewed hope in the far-off distance as spring follows. Houses are lined up neatly with snow covering almost every corner of the town. Charlies old and shabby house outstands itself at the very edge of the city, and the mysterious chocolate factory at the very top center of the town. This is a symbolic imaginary of social class. Various social theories propose a hierarchy arrangement of people in society. Wonka being at the top is viewed as the elites with a great deal of power and intelligence. By contrast, Charlies family at the edge is clearly reinforced their struggle routines; with no power or worldly goods and just barely have enough to eat. About Prince Pondicherry and his Chocolate Palace Grandpa Joe later on in the movie tells Charlie about the Chocolate Palace story in order to further describe Willy Wonka. There is a scene where Willy Wonka builds a terrific palace made of only chocolate for a wealthy prince Pondicherry. Pondicherry despite Wonkas warning, insist to live in it. Soon after, on a very hot day, the palace melts and totally falls apart. Mr. Wonka indeed is a brilliant artist and he sure is someone who gives advices that should be taken seriously. This part of the movie plays a foreshadowing revelation of unpleasant consequences might follows if Wonkas advice is not taken seriously. In reality, although not too many considerable advices are deemed wise and righteous, but we should be able to differentiate from the good and evil with objective judgment. To be bent on having ones own way, one will be responsible for the consequences of their own. About the five Golden Ticket Winners There are five music numbers with stage exorbitantly choreographed sequence, set to each turning point in this movie. Danny Elfman is the composer of the music scores; he also performed the four, among the five, vocals of the songs that are sung by the Oompa-Loompas in the film. Each number with its scene returns a moral lesson of a corrupted aspect of society. They serve not only as a specially entertainment but also emphasize the storys key moments and lead the audience to the next stage of the movie. Physical appearances are believed to be an important factor in the development of social relations; however, the implications of ominous factor are often hidden in many superficial judgments. This is fully examined in the first music number played at the entrance of Wonkas factory. Mr. Wonka welcomes the five golden ticket holders and their family member to his humble factory with a cheerful mechanical welcoming show. The Wonkas Welcome Song was electronically performed by little plastic puppets with large round weighted eyes and peeled looking skin. The show is delightful, luminous and colourful. The music starts with various children laughter, and continues in jumping rhythm giving the visitors a warm cheerful welcoming; however, the show ends in small fire caused by the haywire spark of fireworks and the music ends with a hitch. The welcoming show is not pure entertainment, it implies though the chocolate factory seems bright and joyous, there are certain hidden consequential thre ats to be carefully discovered. A cursory glance and jumping to conclusion is actually as old as it is common in todays society. We are taught that objectivity is desirable, and this societal moral value is often controllable so long as conceit or negligence is not occupying too much of our ego. Otherwise, unknowable consequence might have been lining up next. This first musical number brings us into this exciting journey yet threatening chocolate factory; and shows how this prelude can form such a profound message. Apart from the first introducing number mentioned above, the later four numbers are performed by the Oompa-Loompas when each of the four repulsive children is eliminated from the contest. The songs are fetching and easy to remember, the lyrics are closely connected with each misbehaved children and summed up each lesson to be learned. The musical numbers play a recurrent motif protruding the childrens ill personality traits and at the same time demonstrating how their fatal action leads them meeting their doom. In Ausgustus Gloops character, we see gluttony. Gluttony is a disliked societal sign of greed and shows extreme voracious eating and drinking, this lack of self control leads to unpleasant consequences as we see in the film. Wonka leads the group through a long tunnel upon entering the wonderful Chocolate room, where he explains that everything in the room is edible. Here we also meet the most important performers, the Oompa-Loompas. The Oompa-Loompas are the little choco-covered people working for Wonka inside the factory. They love to sing and dance, although sometimes in a mischievous way. The Oompa-Loompas performs the second number in this room while Augustus neglect Wonkas warning, by eating himself into the chocolate river and being stuck in a tube of chocolate. The Oompa-Loompas dancing around and forms a large swimming circle sequence fitting the rhythms and music present in the song. The lyrics of the song convey Augustus character. the great, big, greedy nincompoop, August us Gloop, so big and vile. So greedy, foul and infantileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Augustus Gloop is a representation of gluttony. His overeating is one of the main reasons of his obesity and of course also a perfect example of defiance and unbalanced behaviour. The Oompa-Loompas continue, This greedy brute, this louse ear is loved by people everywhere, for who could hate or bear a grudge against a luscious bit of fudge. Gluttony might in turns appear to be desirable but this lack of self control can also occur in many other forms such as drinking, smoking or drug use other than eating. The key term is too much which leads to further horrible outcome. In this case, we see how Augustus met his doom and got almost made into fudge Violet Beauregarde shows a characteristic of Pride. Pride allows too much ego built inside a person which first leads to incorrect decision making, and eventually failure. The third number was performed in the novel Inventing room when Wonkas 3-course dinner gum serves Violet her downfall. Violet, being the gum chewing champion, claims the new invention of Wonkas as her type of gum. Mr. Wonka warns Violet that the gum has not been perfected. Violet too, like Augustus, despite Wonkas warning and throws the gum into her mouth. She describes the wondrous 3-courses dinner she tastes as she starting to transform. The Oompa-Loompas sings and dance mocking violets disgusting gum chewing habit. By repeating the chorus emphasizing her all day long gum chewing and by ending by saying they will try to save Violet before it is too late, although they are not sure that they can. It is indeed not her gum chewing that got her into trouble but her presumptuous behavior. We can see the same traits in her mother, a poor mannered lady with her pride at being the best, who encourages Violet to keep her Eyes on the prize. This competitive quality is highly established in capitalist society today. We compete at any and all levels, regardless of who we step on. The prize of being the first and the most competitive should earn us some sort of reward. It is an arrogance that misleads us to believe that we are always better than others. Pride hardens the mind and refuses the ears to hear the advice of other, consequently a big fall. Accordingly, Violets self-conceit turned herself into a giant blueberry. Veruca Salt, the queen, is a perfect demonstration of capricious greed. Greed is the root of all evil Along with gluttony and pride, greed is also morally questionable. Like gluttony, greed is a strong desire for more possession and demand, etc. than a person need, which often leads to certain unwanted lesson. In this case, the shameful Veruca Salt who got badly spoilt by her parents fully demonstrates her little heart desires is the epitome of greed. Wonka takes the group into the nut room. He tells everyone about how the amazing squirrels are trained to shell walnuts and also discern a bad nut from a good one. Wonka warn off the group not to disturb the squirrel. Veruca strongly demand to have one of Wonkas trained squirrels but Wonka refuses. She then went under the gate and reaches to grab one by herself. All the squirrels suddenly pounce on Veruca and one of them knock her on her head, discern she is a bad nut after all and unload her to the garbage chute. The Oompa-Loompas onc e again come on the stage and perform a song for the misfortunate of Veruca. They dance again in circle sequence around the hold of the garbage chute in harmonized rhythm. The lyrics remind Mr. Salt that his daughters ill-personality is indeed a result of his action by spoiling her and pandering to her every need. This number not only accentuate Verucas punishment but also emphasize who else held responsible Mr. Salt, Verucas dad, who completely spoilt her by answering to all her wishes. Poor Veruca, in this case met her demise with garbage as her new found friends. Whos next? Meet Mike Teavee, representation a variety of wicked societal behaviours which we often heard everyday. He behaves as an incessant know-it-all who righteously rebukes others with angrily manner and being such a compulsive video game fanatic who completely misses out many other happiness of being a youngster. Wonka takes the rest of the group into a blindingly white room, the television room. Wonka excitedly explains that the room is for testing television chocolate, how it can transport chocolate to every home through television. After Wonka gives a cautionary note and does a demonstration, Mike bumptiously calls Wonka an idiot and jumps into the machine and had himself teleported inside the television. Mike is shrunken down into a pint sized terror because of his inability to listen. The number takes place while an Oompa-Loompas switching channels trying to find the shrunken Mike inside the TV. The number starting with rock music then as the channel switches to a Beatles knock-off and later more violent actions, serving as a symbolic background of how selected media are unsuitable for children. The lyrics of the song prompt society how children learns from responsive media and the consequences of excessive television and video games will rots their senses and alter childrens imaginations, creates people with one track minds and rather aggressive personalities. The music numbers are a mixture of cultural cult and fad in different times. For example, Augustus Gloop numbers brassy music is like what we often hear from a Bollywood production piece; Mike Teavee is a mixture of hard rock and techno music to emphasize his crazy devotion for video games. These last four musical numbers are inserted between the light and dark moments of each turning scene during the tour. Every different room appears to be fascinating and out of the ordinary to the visitors, then soon an unpleasant child is eliminated with a darker undertone of a cautionary tale against a corrupted aspect of society, tackling a fundamental moral question. The first number was representing a Trojan horse to foreshadow importance of Wonkas warning, which all of the above four children neglected. The chocolate factory is as wonderful as it may seems, but true intentions are hidden and those refused to listen are responsible for their hideous vice. There are several scores placed in the film. Each has a different rhythm and beat to introduce the motives and themes in the scene. For example, the score played during the chocolate river cruise carries a dramatic sense of unpredictable excitement, the feeling of tossing on top of the beat and it gets stronger when the speed of the boat increases. Another example would be the score inserted during Wonks flashback of his visit to Loompaland, where the music is replete with chanting of tribal beats, which fully characterized the adventurous island. In contrast, a softer kind of music was played at the end of the story, where the theme is more complacent. Interestingly, a score is accompanied with the end credits of the film, which is the combination of the numbers but in music-only versions. This serves like a recollection of the five major moral lessons carried out in the whole film. Whos left? Charlie Bucket Willy Wonka Charlie Bucket, one of the protagonists of the story, has a warm and caring family. They are not wealthy but the family get along very well and share a strong bond of love. Charlie is a role model of a loving, caring and obedient child. The other protagonist Willy Wonka, on the other hand, is a sarcastically isolated factory owner who is estranged from his father. His chocolate factory can be seen as a reflection of his mind; it is fascinating and full of imagination but filled with perilous tricks. Charlies respectable character is in contrast to the other children in the film, it is also the grounds for making him the victor. In the film, he refuses to leave his family behind for the reward of contest. Wonka was question because he does not understand the value of a family. Charlie then helps Wonka reconciled the relationship of Wonka and his father, and at the end, Wonka and the Buckets live happily together inside the chocolate factory. The movie brings out significance of good b ehaviour and urges us to understand the importance of having a loving family. Conclusion At the ending of the film, it reveals the narrator is actually an Oompa-Loompas. He spoke in the beginning of the film and at the closing of the story. This is an example of circularity. This film and the story itself, is stunningly educational. The combination of the plot, setting and music create a mood, convey emotions and communicate not only on a level of pure entertainment, but in depth of imagery with the use of undertones so specific, yet leaves room for audience to travels beyond imaginations.