A Brief History of Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of Operating Systems EssayA History of Operating Systems To understand and to be prompt for the future of computer support it helps to know the history of direct systems. The direct system is the softw ar that links the user to the computers hardware. Early mainframes (the precursor of the personal computer) did non use an operating system. Programs were loaded onto the mainframe by paper punch cards, magnetic or paper tape. The user would start the computer programme and wait for the program to complete, or crash. Debugging of the program was often done by adjusting banks of switches.With every new mainframe shipped, the operation and usability would change. There were no standards. As ahead of time operating systems were developed they were generally only designed to operate on that customers specific unit. With the development of mass produced microprocessors, computers become more vernacular and more affordable. With the number of computers sold each year increasing thither became a need for a standardized operating system. In the beginning there were many companies fighting to produce a viable operating system for the masses.The two most prominent were Microsoft and Apple. Microsofts first entry in the operating system foray was MS-Dos or Windows 1. 0 in 1985, a command line operating system that was not the simplest to use but for its time was fine user friendly. Of course as computing power advanced so did Microsofts operating systems. In 1987 Windows 2. 0, then in 1990 there was Windows 3. 0, the first OS that had a desktop and icons to start programs. At this point Microsoft began to separate their operating systems into home user oriented and business oriented.In 1993 Microsoft released Windows NT 3. 1, the first fully 32 bit operating system, it featured better networking support and the NTFS file system. NT progressed through 4. 1 then to Windows 2000. These operating systems were geared toward corporate users and were slightly more robust. On the home front in 1995 Windows 95 was introduced and it was the first version to have the taskbar and the start button. The side by side(p) version of the home OS was Windows 98, then 98SE followed by Windows ME. The next iteration of Windows was XP this version of Windows was unequalled in a couple of ways.XP was the first OS to include activation, which linked the hardware in the pc where it was installed to a unique ID number. The other thing that made XP unique from previous versions of windows was that it came in several versions from home use to corporate use. Windows Vista followed Windows XP but was met with much scrutiny because of its drop of support for legacy devices and software and its lackluster performance. Windows 7 followed quickly behind and addressed most of these shortcomings.There are several other choices for operating systems, although none have been able to maintain a sizeable amount of the market share due to the compatibility and popularity of the operating systems offered by Microsoft. Some of the other offerings are Mac OS from Apple, UNIX, Linux (an open source OS based on Linux), Android and IOS just to name a few. While most of these do not offer the support and compatibility that you would find in operating systems from Microsoft, they are quickly gaining ground and acceptance in use from desktop pcs to hold devices.

Annotated Bibliography Of John Steinbeck

An nonated Bibliography Of thr peerless Steinbeck easterly of Eden is basin Steinbecks most famous novel. This reserve published in 1952 has won international critical acclaim, and propelled Steinbeck to international glory. Critics, both unconditional and negative, often describe the make as the most ambitious literary project of Steinbeck. The book talks about the intricacies of two families that live in the Salinas valley. The families ar the Hamiltons and the Trasks. The two families have interwoven stories. The book originally addresses the authors two young sons, Thom and john. The book describes in detail the Salinas valley in California where the story is set. The story also involves early(a) places like Connecticut and Massachusetts.The Salinas valley in central California is capably described as it is the setting of the book. The story begins with the Hamilton family that has emigrated from Ireland. Samuel Hamilton raised his brood of nine children on some infertile patch of land until they are able to cater for themselves. As Hamiltons children begin to leave home, a well-off stranger buys the best ranch in the Salinas valley. The stranger is rapture Trask, and he has come to his riches after discovering that his stimulate left him and his brother some worthwhile inheritance. Adam has drop-offen in love, and married Cathy Ames, a girl who is described as a monster. This is because she has been a homophileipulator of men, and she has left home after killing her parents.After giving birth, Cathy shoots Adam in the shoulders and flees. Adam has to rear his twin boys with the help of Samuel Hamilton and Lee. Lee is a Cantonese servant of Adam. The three men make superb companionship and engage in lively biblical debates. Cathy turns to prostitution, and through murder, manages to acquire a brothel. The boys grow up, and Samuel Hamilton dies. Adam loses his fortune in a business misfortune. adept of the boys chooses to farm, and the other t win becomes a priest. Caleb the farmer gets to be successful. During thanksgiving, he gives his father a gift of $15,000, which his father rejects. Meanwhile, his brother, Aron wants to drop out of college. The book ends with Adam bedridden, and Lee pleading with Adam to forgive his son.Benson.J. (1977). John Steinbeck Novelist as Scientist. Novel, Vol. (10)6.It is important to note that, during the publication of East of Eden, the book did not get positive acclaim. It was rejected for many literary and biblical allusions that did not auger well with the critics of his day. East of Eden has been loved by the popular readership worldwide. One of the failures of the East of Eden is that the book has borrowed heavily from Author Gunns book, New family physician. The borrowing is used to deepen the creative legacy and artistic portrait of Samuel Hamilton. John Steinbeck, in writing East of Eden, has strayed from his literary style and adherence to realism and naturalism. This is becaus e of his habit of what he has referred to as creative reading. Creative reading can be related to creative writing. Only in this case it is the opposite, for the creative reader reads to write. The implication is that Steinbeck has immersed himself in various documents, some of them scientific to come up with East of Eden. The book has been superimposed with so many allusions that it loses the fictional ability with which it is supposed to command the reader of fiction. The result is that the book borders on non fictional work. In many respects, the book is drawn from the authors background. This makes it an autobiographical stretch of his life. For example, Samuel Hamilton, the benign farmer is a representation of Steinbecks grandfather. His execution of form (Steinbecks) is heavily influenced by other works. The problem is not the heavy borrowing, the problem is the way he has failed to disguise his borrowing. It is a fact that all great literary work is some form of copying, or s tealing. Shakespeare plagiarise ninety percent from ancient Greek writing. He plagiarized in mastery disguise, and what we have of him are great works. East of Eden is blatantly plagiarized.Fensch, T. (1988). Conversations with John Steinbeck. New York Free Press.The use of symbols and symbolization has been employed to masterly level in East of Eden. Like in all his other novels, symbolism is one of the marks that distinguish the works of Steinbeck. symbolisation is the use of objects, figures, colors and characters in representing abstract ideas and concepts. The usage of symbolism in East of Edn is of the most classical nature. Symbolism brings out the realism in East of Eden without sacrificing modernism. Salinass valley, that was the original title of the novel, is a representation of the biblical Garden of Eden. The lyrical opening of the book with a description of the smells and sights of the valley parallels the garden of Edn that is virginal in its depiction in the bible. The Salinas valley is the home of the contest between the likes of Adam and Cathy. It depicts the genesis of the great devilish deception that contributed to the fall of man. The title rightly depicts the fall of man, for in the biblical chronology, man was chased out towards the east. The mountains in the Salinas valley represent the struggle of man between the eternal forces of good and bad. The scars that Charles Trask get after wounding himself represent the mark of Cain.French, W. (1976). John Steinbeck and Modernism, in Steinbecks Prophetic Vision of America, ed. Tetsumaro Hayashi and Kenneth Swan. Indiana Upland press.One of the characteristics of the books of Steinbeck is that they contain spiritual positivism. In East of Eden there, is the tendency of the writer to want to lift the reader and to encourage the reader. This is one of the most enduring positive traits of East of Eden. The author does not adopt a strict moralistic view or an amoral view. Rather, it puts to the reader that sainthood and damnation are both available to valet beings. The difference between the two is determined by the choice of man. The author has drawn vivid biblical allusions that portray that human choices are the determinants if his destiny. The titling of the book captures the fall of man in the original Garden of Eden. The author has, however, used some depictions that contradict the biblical stories. In reading the book, it is apparent that the portrayal of women is negative. The negative traits of Cathy Ames are exaggerated. It is a well known fact that the author depicts her as the devil, and this is taking the negation of women too far. This is because no other male character gets to do the wicked things that she has been doing. The other insult to womanhood is that the author has not at least developed another female character to counter the negative image of Cathy Ames. The grief that is so apparent at the end of the book does not do much to lift the hope of th e reader. The sense of guilty that follows the characters in the book is not good for the book. This is because the main characters seem to find no atonement for the wrongs that they have done in society.Parini, J. (1996). John Steinbeck A Biography. Carlifornia Holt Publishing.The critical acclaims that Steinbeck has got have been from his short stories and rarely for his novels. A significant observation is that the author has not faired well even with a book that won him the Nobel Prize in literature in 1962. This is the book, East of Eden. In fact, his literary fame and reputation declined with the publication of East of Eden. The book in discussion, East of Eden, is overly theatrical. Its biblical allusions are farfetched, and the portrayal main character lacks originality. The book is an union of themes, characters and literary styles from various sources without cogent intrinsic threading. It is disconjuctive in it ending, and leaves the reader with a sour taste in the mouth . The book is too sentimental and philosophically simplistic. Although Steinbeck dust on of the most celebrated authors, East of Eden is no Paradise Lost. Its humor is overly sympathetic, and the sociological perception that is said to distinguish is work is peeing down in this work by an overt desire to see himself, and his family, in his works.Robert. ed. (2002). John Steinbeck, Novels 1942-1952. Washington Library of America.East of Eden is a problem in its reception. This is because the public received the book well with the critics writing off the book. The book, like all Steinbecks past world war two books, is not ambitious to understand. This is because it develops the themes that are first exposed in his short stories. The criticisms of heavy borrowing from Gunns works, and the biblical allusions cannot detract from his work.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimedia Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mul metredia Computer Science Essaymultimedia is a combination of text, vivids, sound, energy, and idiot box, actional electronic or digital means of economic consumption delivered to the consumptionr. Multimedia elements, including text, video, sound, graphics and life-time. Used in the multimedia system elements are present. Multimedia is only these elements are combined into a powerful new tool. The media elements in the worlds starring(p) melodic phrase and multi-platform multimedia services, video games and digital entertainment. Our work with our customers to provide the best solutions, while also providing the multimedia services they need to do this in sound out to achieve its foodstuff. We base create a very exciting and pgraphicsicipationing and innovative and cost-effective technology, and past sell the item. Therefore, multimedia continues to play a colossal role in keeping the attention and interest of the online publiciz ing. . Interactive multimedia animation mode converted into a static image, therefore, to attract and encourage quite a little to click on ads.Today there are thousands of sites on the mesh, the competition for customers in an unprecedented upside. What ideal keep be separated from your site depends on the nature of competition has been registered on your site any multimedia elements. Multimedia elements, such as through fond media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. So I would like to discuss roughly the multimedia elements in Twitter. Video is unitary of the multimedia elements that can be promote through by Twitter. . Promoting videos involves embedding your links into several(prenominal) highly trafficked websites. People can easily watch your company or product videos. Music helps your company or brand to easily connect emotion on the wholey with its consumers. Animated images can be apply to provide product demonstrations and presentations of the award-wi nning. You can easily demonstrate the features and benefits of your product and, therefore, to encourage consumers to try them out. Interactive video or image, but also to help your business build relationships with consumers can watch your companys product commercials and respond by posting their views or comments. If you provide useful feedback, then you can easily establish long-term lasting relationships with consumers. When shooting video ads, graphics, or composer, you need to pay a lot of attention. You must produce the fibre of work, not only interesting, but also cited the created action. If you can not be delivered or the production theatrical role of the multimedia elements, and then hire a headmaster multimedia experts, should be your next best choice. Multimedia marketing to produce amazing results, if it is a veracious implementation. Conversely, if you produce a substandard video or graphics, then your companys image or reputation pull up stakes be severely dam aged. Therefore, you need to carry out a thorough study, so that you can come up with creative multimedia concepts, the interest of many consumers. Employ a creative multimedia agency or corporate guarantee, provide you with high-quality multimedia concepts, it is possible to repair your website traffic or sales.Element in TwitterOut of all the elements, the most influential text on the quality of interactive multimedia. In general, the text provides important information. The text as a cornerstone of the tying of other media elements.SoundThe sound is used to provide emphasis or highlight the transition from one page to another. Sound synchronization screen, so that teachers can submit a lot of information. Creative use of sounds to become fantastic stimulus improper use, it has become an obstacle or an annoyance. The distance between the two properties amount the acoustic frequency in each peak height of these wave patterns (sometimes referred to as pitch) peaks. The greater t he distance, low voice.Representatives, through video visualization capabilities can be direct and powerful. While this is no doubt, it is how we see and the ability to interact with digital video content to the use of digital video education to provide a new and exciting possibilities. The video can stimulate interest and if it is relevant information on the other pages, and not too far. Video of one of the most compelling reasons, may be its dramatic ability to induce emotional responses from individuals.AnimationThe animation is used to display status changes over time, slowly, to provide students with information to make them in smaller blocks, it is absorbed. Animation, when a user enters a combination, so that students can view the different versions over time change, according to different variables. Animation is used to prove an idea or to explain a concept. Video is usually yes taken from the life, while the animation is based on the order of payments on the. 2-D animation there are two types of animation cell animation based on 3-D animation of moving objects on the screen along a predetermined trail on the changes, one to the next path animation 3D animation- the structure of a wide range of contour and 3D objects and scenes animation defines the motion of the object rendering to an object, such as color, arise texture properties involves three steps modeling of three-dimensional animation, and transparency3- animation amount 3D animation image from the multimedia concept scanning the James Schuman3 3D animation special effects the two images together a series of image warping 3D animation effects deformation distort a single image of the virtual reality Create a user the surrounding environment, therefore, he or she becomes part of the experience.GraphicGraphics to provide a learning session, the most creative possibility. They can from the photographs, drawings, charts, spreadsheet, photo from the CD-ROM, or from the Internet to pull s omething. Scanners, hand-painted work can be included. Standing commented that the picture recognition retentivity is almost unlimited. The reason for this is that the images use a lot of range of cortical skills color, shape, line, size, texture, visual rhythm, especially the imagination.The advantages and disadvantages of MultimediaThere are a couple of advantages and disadvantages to exploitation multimedia in communication. Im only going to a list a few important ones below. If you are interested to know more, visit one of the assumption websites by just following the links.AdvantagesThis is a very user-friendly. It does not need the number of energy users, in this sense, you can sit down to watch the demo, you can read the text and hear the sound.It is a multi-sensory. It uses the senses of many users, while the use of multimedia, such as hearings, see and talk.It is a comprehensive and interactive. Through different media in the process of digital integration. The possibil ity of interaction easy feedback are greatly increased.It is flexible. Digitalization, this media can easily be changed to adapt to different situations and audiences.It can be used for a variety of audiences, ranging from one person to the whole group.Creative Industries the creative industries, including advertising, media and news, they use multimedia fun and interactive way to express their thoughts. Organization of advertising agencies and other creative work across a creative way of information, ideas and news. Path information in an interactive visualization of these ideas, multimedia plays a spanking role.The latest developments in the enterprise technology and multimedia environment has made it possible for entrepreneurs to come up with an attractive company website or presentation, including information about their products and services to the interpretation of text, audio and video.Marketing construction in the site text, images, video shows the general idea of the produ ct is very popular. To explain the links with the media, social networking sites to promote our ideas is inevitable. Customers can easily visualization and link to website, in a good way to understand the message.Telecommunications industry Today, eitherone is clear Multimedia Messaging receipts (MMS). This service makes it possible to audio and video content from our mobile phones to send text. Previously, it was limited to only a certain number of text messages. In the phones multimedia applications area in 2012 will only increase with the daily development of the function, such as playing music, games, watching movies, and our mobile news.It can be seen in the entertainment industry entertainment multimedia use one. With the latest technology research and invention, the annual multimedia range has been expanded. We like to see a 3D movie in the cinema theaters and on television and enjoy the movie special effects would not have been no multimedia possible.Running on a multimed ia platform for video games. Multimedia range is the frequent introduction of a wide range of new video game every other day. In short, it can be said that increased consumer turn out and positive feedback from the range of digital multimedia, and only increase in 2012. Has become more technology-friendly in the world. Network marketing, the popularity of the use of information processing systems, mobile phones and video games is expanding its door in 2012 of multimedia opportunities..DisadvantagesInformation overload. Because it is so easy to use, it can contain too a lot information only once. Information overload. Because it is so easy to use, it can contain too much information only once.It takes time to compile. Even if it is flexible, it needs time with the original draft.It can be expensive. As one of my previous post mentioned, and multimedia using a wide range of resources, you can spend a lot of money.Too unrealistic. Large files such as video and audio effects, the tim e it takes to load your presentation. By adding too much may mean that you must use a larger calculator memory board files. If you want to upload to the Internet, there are several factors, such as bandwidth and the users ability to keep in mind.CompatibilityEach browser can display at least some subset of HTML. The broad support of multimedia elements. The best example is the case of Apples mobile devices, cheap multimedia. As of mid-2012, the device still does not support Flash, resulting in the dependence of Flash iPad and iPhone, the website displays an error. This problem applies to other types of multimedia, as well. Use the Windows Media format, multimedia content website will often fail to work properly correct the users computer, the lack of the Windows Media plug-in.It takes time to compile. Even if it is flexible, it needs time with the original draft.It can be expensive. As one of my previous post mentioned, and multimedia using a wide range of resources, you can spen d a lot of money.Too unrealistic. Large files such as video and audio effects, the time it takes to load your presentation. By adding too much may mean that you must use a larger computer storage files. If you want to upload to the Internet, there are several factors, such as bandwidth and the users ability to keep in mind.CompatibilityEach browser can display at least some subset of HTML. The broad support of multimedia elements. The best example is the case of Apples mobile devices, Flash multimedia. As of mid-2012, the device still does not support Flash, resulting in the dependence of Flash iPad and iPhone, the website displays an error. This problem applies to other types of multimedia, as well. Use the Windows Media format, multimedia content website will often fail to work properly correct the users computer, the lack of the Windows Media plug-in.Question 2IntroductionA, multimedia production team may require as many as 18 discrete roles, includingexecutive ProducerProducer/P roject ManagerCreative theater director/Multimedia originArt Director/Visual DesignerArtistInterface DesignerGame DesignerSubject Matter ExpertInstructional Designer/Training SpecialistScriptwriter energiser(2-D/3-D)Sound ProducerMusic ComposerVideo ProducerMultimedia ProgrammerHTML CoderLawyer/Media AcquisitionMarketing DirectorGame DesignerThe work of game institutioners, video and computer game design and development team. Game springs usually have a game design, computer engineering or computer science degree. The game designers can enjoy the professional level designer, production assistant, programmer, junior game designers and quality assurance testing. Work with a team of game designers to develop and design video games. The game designer is a comprehensive, coordinated complex task to create a new team of designers and developers of video games is an important part. Game designers, such as character, multi-level, puzzles, art and animation design responsibilities. They can also write code using a different computer programming languages. According to their professional duties, may also be responsible for project management tasks and test an earlier version of the video game.Responsibility of Game DesignerThe game designers have created the basic structure of the computer game, from story and setting, rules, characters, and a variety of objects in the game, including vehicles, buildings and weapons responsible for the design. They need to develop the game how to play to test and train games, to play it in some tests, everything is normal.AnimatorAn Animator is produce a multiple image frames sequenced together to quickly create an animation is called the illusion of movement. The images can be digital or hand-drawn pictures, models or puppets.The animation is often in the two-dimensional animation, 3D modeling animation, stop frame or computer-generated animation. Computer-generated animation has a strong film (to create special effects or animatio n movies in their own right), as well as the work of television, the Internet and computer games industry in all aspects of.The art of animation, the animation of the basic skills are still dependent to a large extent, but the growth of a cartoonist need to be familiar with technical computer packages.Responsibility of AnimatorAn Animator is responsible for leading and coordinating the animation team. Team participation, they may also be recruited to ensure that the selected artists the production of animation and drawing skills. They explained that, from the director, and other relevant departments of the short, animation, and the exchange of information.Marketing DirectorMarketing Director, responsible for the companys marketing efforts and strategies. The focus of the work may be mainly related to market segmentation, the definition of the consumer the common interests of the whole, income, age, race, or other factors. Director of marketing ultimately seek to find these market se gments, which will purchase the products or services of their organization, as well as how best to present these products and services to selected target markets.Responsibility of Marketing DirectorDirector of marketing, responsible for marketing, marketing plan, marketing budget, marketing, supplier management, business development and corporate communication activities related to monitoring the activities of management, marketing department, marketing database management and development and the development of the various functions of business the units of the organizations requirements of his or her work.Art Director/Visual DesignerArt Director is responsible for art and design, advertising and shooting print and television advertising. They are policy makers, who are responsible for the quality of the finished product. The artistic director of a photographer, illustrator, model, advertising any props. esthetic director, to create a rough layout, the use of computers. The layout o f the display copy and will use the fonts and colors, pictures look like. At this stage, the layout must be approved by the customer. Once approved as a rough layout of the ads, Artistic Director of the use of all resources to produce the finished ad.Responsibility of Art Director/Visual DesignerThe Art Director is responsible for printing or on-screen project, all the visual aspects. Artistic director, the process responsible for the development of visualization solutions for a variety of communication problems. He or she is helping to build corporate identity, promotional products and services to improve the books, magazines, newsletters and other publications, and the establishment of the TV commercials, film and video production, website.Specializes in packaging, exhibition, or some specific areas of knowledge and experience in areas such as the Internet or art director. All directors, even those with a professional background, must be skilled not only design and illustration, a nd photography, computer, research, writing, and with the knowledge and supervision of graphic artists, photographers, writers, text editing, and other staff.Conclusion18 discrete roles are important job that were in multimedia in our society todays. Therefore, responsibility of each 18 discrete roles is also useful and important in multimedia and our life when we were having which a job that inside of 18 discrete roles .

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics EssayThe outbreaks of the late 20th century were oddly notable in light of the Western assumption that less developed countries would naturally secularize their politics and culture as they modernized their parliamentary procedure and economy. Instead, speedily developing Iran succumbed in 11 February 1979 to a ghostly revolution led by Imam Khomeini. Soon after, an interim organization in Tehran gave guidance to a political form of government in early 1980 that made so some changes in its policies, the most important one was to practice the radical of Muslim Re overt in which the government was to wed with religion of Shiite Islam indissolubly.However, there exist different and stock-still contending conceptions as to what form actually it is. Some compete that the form of Islamic submit is just a theocracy1and some new(prenominal)s has recognized the shapingal theocratic character of the regime.2Some compete that th eocracy as the kingdom of divinity on earth has not fully realized yet and thus prior to this full realization, theocracy hindquarters coexist with any transitory carcass of resistant government. This coexisted or combined form of government is an ecclesiocracy that seek to give the compassionate religious hierarchy absolute control over the political power of a state.3Whereas to an otherwise one, theocracy can occur in any society where a powerful religious group or combination of religious groups has/have the crucial persona in a ruling political or judicial system.4On the contrary, some believe that the Islamic commonwealth is just one smorgasbord among so many democracies5or one of the most parliamentary states.6Even the US formals who utilise to oppose the new Islamic Regime in the foregone 23 years, now insist that there ar some democratic characteristics found in there.7 at that place be overly others who observe it as a totalitarian tyranny, an absolutist au tocracy, oligarchy or even all clerical oligarchy and call Islamic Republic a clerical regime.8What I am going to argue here is that on the path of human development towards perfection and human felicity throughout human society, the Islamic Republic in Iran has brought a kind of mixed or combined form of government that includes the best characteristics of various forms prescribed by the Islamic principles and norms and the current practices that may ensure the active and large-minded participation of all segments of society in the process of social development, as explicitly mentioned in its Constitutional Law.Forms of GovernmentsMost of the key words commonly used to describe forms of governments, such as monarchy, oligarchy, and state, are of Greek or Roman origin. The central question of politics in all these was always the same the dissemination of power among the citizens so that freedom and happiness is best preserved and defined. Plato believed that the object of politic s was virtue, and that only a few would ever thoroughly understand the science, which believed to gaze all truth and all existence by which virtue could be attained and only these trained few, then, should rule. To his view the best was the form in which kings are philosophers or philosophers are kings which could be each monarchy or aristocracy but the fundamental laws of the State will be maintained. To this perfect ideal of just and better succeeds different forms of oligarchy, democracy, tyranny after which Plato added some other intermediate forms of government but all these are nondescripts and may be found equally among Hellenes and among barbarians.9 notwithstanding his pupil, Aristotle, gave another classification of the forms of government. To him the government which is the supreme authority in states could be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many and based on the purpose of a state, it may seek either the common participation or the private interest. fit inly there would be cardinal (not one) true forms of kingship or royalty, aristocracy or a constitution and three perversions that are tyranny oligarchy, or democracy.10In analyzing various forms of governments of the time, Aristotle, however, came to this notion that the whole system of government tends to be incomplete democracy nor oligarchy, but something in a mean between them.11This combination form of government could be seen in the new monarchy of Macedon arose and mounted in the fight against Sparta and Athens (338 BC) and also in Rome that emerged as the strongest state in the Mediterranean after the victory of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC). The Greek historian Polybius, who chronicled Romes rise, suggested that its constitution was such a success because it was a judicious blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The Romans, a conservative, practical people, showed what they thought of such abstr live up tos by speaking only of an unanalyzed public thingres publ icaand thus gave a new word to politics.From then onward various combined or blend forms governments were set up each where in the beingness. Justinian, the sterling(prenominal) of the eastern Roman emperors, in the 6th century, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 800, and later centuries the dynasties of Hohenstaufen and Habsburg so, as late as the 19th century, did Napoleon Bonaparte tried to impact the empire though none were succeeded. In the 7th century the Arab Muslims defeated the first of the two great powers of the time and conquered kind of many parts of the south in North Africa and Spain. Beside to the strong monarchies that gra ternaryly developed almost everywhere in the world, various institutions and social classes were to fill the gap too. The church and the mosque, against enormous odds, had unbroken the light of religion and learning alive and spread what was left of Roman and Islamic civilization into modern city-states. Military aristocracy called nobile s in the Roman room and appropriated various late imperial titles such as comes (count), dux (duke) and khans have also legal powers. This dynamism in European society and elsewhere in the world prevented it from setting permanently into this or any other form and pattern even in the most characteristic governmental form of the modern world, the nation-state.The application program of the principle of parliamentary representation together with the concepts of divine, natural, and customary law as a restraint on the exercise of power besides some other fundamental occurrences of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America and the American and French revolutions caused a new form of government known as modern democracy which is quite different from that of old Greek. The modern democracy repudiated the divine accountability of kings, the ascendancy of the nobility and the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. Equality before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regimes and judicial procedures were insisted upon to prevent abuses by the king or his administration. By destroying the monarchy, a republic was set up and its centuries-old labours were crowned. Now in the line of rationality, liberty, and comparability (fraternity is not a foremost concern anymore), the nation makes the quest its own. Free election of government bodies under (eventual) universal balloting, competition for office through organised and permanent parties, freedom of speech and the press, and the rule of law together with greater influence for the working classes, women and foreigners are common in all three radical senses of a form of government either as direct, representative or constitutional (liberal) democracy.Theocracy, too, derived from two Greek words meaning rule by the deity, was the name given to political regimes that rubric to represent the Divine on earth both directly and immediately. Most governments throughout history and across cultures have claimed to be following their gods designs or to be legitimated by a divine mandate. The kings in a number of ancient civilizations had been worshipped as gods on earth so, by definition, the king could not be wrong and in a number of others the Gods prophets or theologically trained elites were the rulers on behalf of Him and rule by divine right.As the holly books, archaeologists, and historians show, the ancient Hebrews, Tibetans, and Egyptians lived in theocracies for some of their history. Theocracies are also found within the three great heavenly faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Some examples are Jesus message of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, and not anyone else12or the fulfilment on Earth of Gods will as the central theme of Jesus teaching, and his expressly rejection of any collaboration with the Roman emperor,13the community established by the prophet Muhammad in M edina in 622, and ruled by him until his passing away in 632,14the apostolical States under various popes whose purpose was to manage worldwide Catholicism, fundamentalism as seen within modern Judaism of Gush Emunim and the Haredim15, within Christianity of Jehovahs Witnesses, within Protestant Christians of Evangelicals and some political action groups,16within Hindu nationalists in India, Sikh radicals in Punjab, and Buddhist militants in Sri Lanka, within Sunni Muslims in the political activities of Muslim Brotherhood. The more important one within Shiite Islam is the Islamic Republic of Iran, during which a Shiite teaching retrieved and developed into a politically useful doctrine the Rule of the Jurist.Religious DemocracyThe form of government in revolutionary Iran is neither a doctor theocracy in which people have no say in their political destiny nor a sole democracy in which peoples voting can change every thing from the bottom to the make of the political hierarchy whe never they wish. Rather, as the official name of the Islamic Republic illustrates, it is a combination of all forms of government previously known especially both these two particular forms theocracy and democracy and in some parts quite different from both sole of them, if one can find or even imagine.The characteristic of this combined form of government and the major building contain of the Islamic regime in Iran, as explicitly stated in several articles of the Constitution and the spirit surrounding it, is based on two pillars. mavin pillar is that of inspired by Imam Khomeinis notion of the Absolute Rule of the Jurist (Velayat-e Motlaqeh-e Faqih) by which the leading cleric has no limitation over society and politics and he is the one last position that can make the decisions to the benefit of all citizens. He is elected by the whole people in an uprising like what happened in February 1979 that led to the attractorship of Imam Khomeini or by the Assembly of Experts (the rep resentatives of people mostly clerics) through a popular suffrage of both sexes of 15 years and more like what happened in the nomination of Ayatollah Khamenei in June 1989. The ruling jurist is just one nominee among so many other theologians and according to Shiite tradition, and is identified as the successor of the 12th Imam. The latter kind of election is similar to the election of the US president by the electoral College.Standing at the top of the political hierarchy as the Supreme Leader and equal with others against the law, the ruling jurist supervises the three branches of the government. The regular armed forces, the Islamic Guards Corps, the police, and the radio and television network are under his command and he determines the direction of foreign policy and any other whole compassing or familiar policy. He appoints the Supreme Judges, has the power to dismiss the elected President, and selects the six jurists of the twelve-member Council of Guardians.The second pill ar is the democratic institutions that have been well incorporated in the Constitution. Under slit The Form of Government in Islam, the preamble of the Constitution reads that the government does not derive from the interests of a class, nor does it serve the domination of an individual or a group. It expressly asserts that Government represents the fulfillment of the political ideal of a people who bear a common faith and common outlook, taking an organized form in order to initiate the process of intellectual and ideological evolution towards the final goal, i.e., movement towards Allah God. The Constitution guarantees the rejection of all forms of intellectual and social tyranny and economic monopoly, and aims at entrusting the destinies of the people to the people themselves in order to break completely with the system of oppression. (This is in accordance with the Quranic verse He removes from them their burdens of the fetters that were upon them.17The Constitution devotes Chapter 5 including six articles to the remedy of National Sovereignty and the Powers Deriving there from and explains the fact that the Iranian people have a lot say in the management of their country and how every one of them is the master of his own social destiny. The National Sovereignty is considered a divine right dedicated from Absolute sovereignty of God over the world and man and should never been deprived or subordinated to the vested interests of a particular individual or group. (Article 56) Separation of Powers into three independent ones of legislature, judiciary, and executive functioning under the charge of the absolute religious Leader and the Leadership of the Ummah, in accordance with the forthcoming articles of this Constitution has been accepted in Article 57. Direct recourse to popular vote through a referendum, as a function of the legislature, is also anticipated by Article 59 for cases of extremely important economic, political, social, and cultural matte rs.The Islamic consultative Assembly, as national assembly, is constituted by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret ballot (Article 62) and has the power to establish laws on all matters (Article 71) and has the right to investigate and examine all the affairs of the country (Article 76) including a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers (Articles 87-88) and can interpellate the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister or even the President. (Article 89) In this way not only the national executive power, but all local governments of provinces, cities, divisions, villages and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils (Article 103) elected by the people of the locality in question. (Article 100) elective concepts such as equality before the law, rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of belief, conscience, association, assembly and the press, secrecy of communication, recourse to the courts, respect for minority and womens rights, economic development, and social umpire are all explicitly expressed in Chapter 3 (Articles 19-43) of the Constitution and several guarantees have been given to succeed. The judiciary as an independent power and the protector of the rights of the individual and society is one of these important guarantees. Concerning status and duties of the Judiciary, Article 156 reads suchThe judiciary is responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with investigating and passing judgement on grievances, violations of rights, and complaints the announcement of litigation the settling of disputes and the taking of all necessary decisions and measures in probate matters as the law may determine restoring public rights and promoting justice and legitimate freedoms administrate the proper enforcement of laws uncovering crimes prosecuting, punishing, and chastising criminals and enacting the penalties and provisions of the Islamic penal code and taking suitable measures to prevent the occurrence of crime and to reform criminals.The concept of Velayat-e Amr va Imamat-e Mostamir (rule by the leader and the perpetual leadership), according to the preamble of the Constitution is another such guarantees of those democratic rights in which an all qualified and trustworthy jurist, recognized as leader by the people, is to prevent any deviation by the various organs of State from their essential Islamic duties. Article 107 too asserts that the Jurist is an elected one either by recognition and acceptance as marji and Leader by a decisive majority of the people as happened for Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or by the Assembly of Experts which is also elected by the people. The Experts are to review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha (jurists) possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 namely learning in differe nt fields offiqh, Justice and piety right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, administrative facilities and adequate capability for leadership. (Article 109) The Article adds that in case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the better jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference.It is true that the Supreme Religious Leader is at the top of the government hierarchy and can make final decisions of general policies but it is only if in accordance with the articles of this Constitution (Article 57) and after consultation with the Nations Exigency Council that consists of the heads of the three branches and some other relative cabinet and Parliament members, all Council of Guardians members, and a few more experts (Article 112) to which some heads of different parties and political fractions are added in action. When the modification of the Constitution comes, as Article 177 expr esses, some contents are unalterable among them the Islamic character of the political system the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria and the religious footing the democratic character of the government the Velayat-e Amr the Imamate of Ummah and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda.In so doing, the government in Iran is quite different from dictatorship or tyranny in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The religious democracy is thus a form of government which links religion and peoples beliefs to their will and wishes. There seems no conflict in its dual legitimacy of the Islamic Republic or any juxtaposition between popular sovereignty of the president or parliament and supervision of the ruling jurist. The letter of the constitution asserts on the equality of the two pillars in order to get the goal which is virtue, happiness and as a whol e the movement toward God Almighty.In theory too, as Poul Weber has noted, there is no reason why a theocracy and a democratic form of government are incompatiblevox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God),18a combination that seems possible and rational for Peter Schmid to conclude that because Islam is compatible with both secularism and democracy, a religious democracy is in Irans future.19According to Soroushs theory of Contraction and Expansion of Religious Interpretation too, secularism and democracy not only do not threaten religion but also they still help to increase the understanding of religion and all are complementary, for the religious understanding is merely a variety of human understanding.20Soroush continues in an interview thatThere is no single God-given shape for Islamic government The system of Velayat-e Faqih, introduced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is an anachronism Though religion itself is inviol able, its interpretation is not sacred and therefore it is criticizable, modifiable, refinable, and redefinable.21One may ask why a sole theocracy or a sole democracy is not favourable or even desirable among the majority of Iranian Muslims and why we need such a combination. The answer is that theocracy as an absolute sovereignty of God to the will of man and the state is far from our hands because we are sometimes unable to understand the true Gods will and commandment. such(prenominal) understanding and knowledge requires long preparation, several degrees of training, and education bulk are not able to comprehend Gods will through the explanations contained in the Quran and the Sunna. Acquiring such comprehension requires several years of studies and oft effort.22And in some other times we are unwilling to surrender to His will and law, and to implement His orders in our daily life for virtue need much much effort, deprivation, and abnegation.23Furthermore when they do gain po wer, theocracies tend to be short lived for a number of reasons, some internal to the regime and others external to it. Internally, clerics trained in religious dogma and jurisprudence, are rarely skilled in political, economic and other social matters and have difficulty maintaining a complex modern society. When corruption occurs among government officials, ensuing scandals undermine religion as well as politics if those officials are also clerics. Resentment grows among the nonclerical populace when religious laws seem arbitrary or excessively strict and are enforced through civil power. Religious taxes, imposed on top of other taxes, especially in times of economic hardship, cause added resentment. Finally, clerics who presume to speak in the name of the Divinity have difficulty engaging in normal compromises so essential for political effectiveness. Such compromises may even seem to them to be immoral or sinful. Finally, in states controlled by one or no party, which theocracie s tend to be, police are ofttimes tempted to resort to brutality and other harsh measures that undermine the legitimacy of the regime.Externally, rulers in other nations often fear the exportation of religious dogma backed by political power and move to isolate a theocratic regime. And because secular cultures from outside can exert a constant seductive influence on young people through music, arts, clothes, and movies, and infuse them with political ideas of freedom, democracy, and equality, a theocratic regime is inclined to limit contact with the outside world. Such actions increase isolation of the country but often lead to a fascination with the outside and an underground opposition to the regime. Such conditions are not conducive to longevity, and theocracies rarely pull through their founding generation.The sole democracy is not the best form of government either. That is why you see different types of democratic governments in the world. Even Great Britain and the fall in States, nations with relatively similar cultures, politics, and economies, have developed significantly different forms of democracy. Besides, many governments today (around 140 out of 191 states) in the most parts of the world claim to be democratic in the ascendant. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the communist nations of the 20th century, had also adopted outwardly democratic governments that nonetheless were rule by a single authorized party with no opposition. States with Marxist ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the means of production (i.e., economic democracy) were comfortable to ensure that the will of the people would be carried out. Moreover, there are some elements still threatening the existence of this democracy class conflicts muted rather than resolved, nationalism still distorted voters judgments in matters of foreign policy, demagogues abounded as much as they ever did in ancient Athens, and many po liticians were corrupt. Furthermore democracy places high honor on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. This characteristic as Alexis de Tocqueville described is a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be concerned only with their own small circle of family and friends.ConclusionIt is right that in some cases (such as Egyptian nationalism, Taliban imposition of sharia in Afghanistan and Saddam Husseins holy war in 1991 and 2003) we may find some unclear forms of government which claimed to establish a true theocratic or democratic form of government but failed to do so, or some tried to use religious rhetoric, symbolism, and values for nationalistic purposes, or religious ideals may be used to win popular support for liberation from foreign domination, from an autocratic ruling elite or to encourage economic renewal, but one can surely find some historical and cont emporary examples to support a true combination of different forms of government as the Islamic Republic in Iran was a combination of such ideals and facts.This form of Iranian government is neither a sole theocracy or ecclesiocracy nor an oligarchy either clerical or financial or military, nor a sole democracy of its any kinds but a political order between them all the head of the state elected indirectly on a universal suffrage is not a philosopher who claims to know the truth from the false out of any way he can, but he should be a Islamist jurist prudent that obliges himself to explore the Shiite cannon law and seek to find the truth out of sharia and should think and function in the interest of the whole people not himself or any particular fraction. As the people try to elect the best as their rulers, the aristocratic element is also present in this regime. There are lots of legal conditions and qualifications for peoples representatives and heads of governmental departments t hat only part of the well educated and qualified bureaucrats can hold the official positions. For these reasons, aristocracy, in a more objective sense, means the upper layer of a stratified group. Thus, the upper ranks of the government form both legally and factually- the political aristocracy of the state. The principles of the constitution distribute the powers and make the government and its rulers constitutional and obliged to uphold the Constitution. This form is thus quite different from any given sole form of government.Additional ReferencesWeb SitesHomehttp//www.God.comhttp//www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.htmlhttp//www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00t___.htmlhttp//www.religioustolerance.orghttp//www.rulers.org/http//www.secularislam.orghttp//www.usinfo.state.govhttp//www.watchtower.orghttp//www/dictionary.com/religionBooksDahl Robert A., Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City, (New Haven Yale University Press, 1963)Kepel, Gilles. The retaliate of God The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, (University Park Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994)Levine Andrew, Liberal Democracy A Critique of Its Theory, (New York Columbia University Press, 1981)Sisk Timothy D., Islam and Democracy (Washington D.C. coupled States Institute of Peace Press, 1992)Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israels Radical Right, (New York Oxford University Press, 1991)Tocqueville Alexis de, Democracy in America (New York Harper and Row, 1996)Weiler Gershon, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden Brill, 1988)Wright Robin, The Last Great Revolution, (New York Vintage Books, 2001)ArticlesCooper Julie E., Is There a Jewish Political Tradition? (Book Review), Tikkun, July, 2001 http//www.findarticles.comDawson Lorne L., Anti-modernism, modernism, and postmodernism struggling with the cultural significance of new religious movements, Sociology of Religion, Summer, 1998 http//www.findarticles.comMohit Morteza, Background to the Parliamentary Elections in Iran, Monthly Review, March, 2001 http//www.findarticles.com

Colonialism and Beyond Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness Essay

Colonialism and Beyond Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness   My entire education has taken place in the United States of America. It has consisted of public school, college, and graduate school. I only had one teacher during my public school career who wasnt white-hot. I had a female African-American face teacher when I was in Junior High School. The student body of my jr. high school was over ninety-percent black, yet our faculty was entirely white with the exception of two black teachers. So, during my entire elementary and high school careers I never saw a person of color in the earlier of the class.   I vividly remember that the only time black people (or non-whites) were discussed was in history class, moreover, when we got to the chapter that dealt with slavery. I had to make a big adjustment in high school because my high school was well over ninety-percent white (just the opposite of my jr. high school.) Fredrick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and the Nat Turner rebellion was pretty much the end of people of color within the curriculum.   I grew up in Springfield, Massachusetts and during my junior year of high school something unexpected happened. College students from Smith College, Amherst College, and the University of Massachusetts did an pedantic intervention by providing tutoring and actually sitting in on our (minority students) classes. This tutorial program became the Smith-Amherst Tutorial Project which enabled me to spend two summers following my junior and senior years of high school at Smith College, taking college-level classes. These classes were taught by professors from Umass and Smith College who were kind enough to give up part of their summer for ... ...end of a journey we do not end quite where we thought we would have.   Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. unsanded York Norton, 1963. 251-62. ---. No longish at Ease. New York Dell, 1960. ---. Things Fall Apart. New York Dell, 1958. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York Norton, 1963. Nelson, Emmanuel. Chinua Achebe. Postcolonial African Writers. Ed. Pusha Parekh. Westport Greenwood, 1998. Taylor, Willene. A Search for Values in Things Fall Apart. Understanding Things Fall Apart. Ed. Solomon Iyasere. New York Whitson, 1998. Turnbull, Colin. The Lonely African. Garden City Simon and Schuster, 1962. Watt, Ian. Heart of Darkness and Nineteenth Century Thought. Josephs Conrads Heart of Darkness. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea, 1987. 77-89.  

IF - a victim of its own success :: essays research papers

IF it is true that familiarity breeds contempt, it would explain the contradictions that surround Rudyard Kiplings famous poem If-. On the one hand it is one of the around popular and best-known poems in the English language. On the other this enormous popularity has done it a disservice. For instance, despite appearing in many anthologies of verse, If- is excluded from The New Oxford volume of English Verse. Instead, editor Helen Gardner selects Kiplings Mandalay, Danny Deever, Cities and Thrones and Powers, The Way through the Woods, and the imperialistic Recessional. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), poet, short-story writer and novelist, was born in Bombay. He was sent to England to be educated, and then returned to India at the age of 17, where he rapidly made a name for himself as a superb journalist and caustic observer of Anglo- Indian society. He returned to England in 1889, where he achieved celebrity status with his poems of army life, Barrack-Room Ballads (1892), which est ablished him as an unofficial spokesman for the then much-despised British soldier, and for the British Empire. From this period until his death, Kiplings reputation was to vary according to the political climate. Kipling was inclined to be crudely chauvinistic, and to display unpleasant arrogance towards peoples ruled by or hostile to Britain, though he also emphasised British responsibility for the offbeat of the governed peoples. Be that as it may, it is interesting to note that his most enduringly popular works argon two of his childrens books, The Jungle Book (1894-5) and the Just So Stories (1902), the latter(prenominal) of which Kipling illustrated himself. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Kiplings poetry is striking for its success in using, vividly and musically, popular forms of speech such as the dramatic monologue and ballad tradition. He was also able to write poetry appropriate for public occasions and capable of stirring the feelings of a large public. His poetry is by and large simple in its components but, when it rises above the level of doggerel, strong in its impact. It needs to be read in selection. Which brings us back to If-. The poem first appeared in Kiplings less celebrated childrens book Rewards and Fairies (1910). Apart from its over-quoted opening lines If you can keep your head when all about you/Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, its most memorable lines are in the final stanza

Consuming Kids (summary) :: essays research papers fc

Technology & Society (HUM110-80)CONSUMING KIDSSummary on Article, Pubic Attitudes Toward the Youth merchandising Industry & Its Impact on ChildrenFew public opinion polls exist concerning the burgeoning youth marketing industry. We therefore conducted an online survey of 978 U.S. residents in the Spring of 2004. Results extract that a large majority of respondents believe a) that the youth marketing industry is harmful to children and has questionable ethical practices b) that the industry contributes to a variety of problems common in youth c) that most of the marketing which takes place in schools is unacceptable and d) that marketing directed at children low 8 years of age should be out(p), (Kasser and Linn).This survey was born out of concern that there are few statistics on the effects of marketing industrys impact on our youth. besides as the article on Consuming Kids raises awareness about children being lured into believing they cant live without things and the problems rising out of it. This survey makes us aware of how this market is willing to sacrifice the sanctity of family life by undermining the parents via their television while children watch mega hours of uninterrupted commercials aimed at them. These surveys were compared with a couple of sparsely completed other ones. The respondents felt that problems such as aggressiveness, materialism, obesity, lack of creativity, overly sexualized behavior and self-esteem, were detrimentally influenced by the youth marketing industry. The solutions were simple enough, over half(a) believed that schools should be commercial free zones, childrens television should be commercial free, (PBS has it), marketing to children should be subject to more government oversight, marketing to children 12 and under should be prohibited. There has got to be a stemming of the tide of the marketing industry exploiting children at such young ages. The survey results suggested the marketing industrys is pliant its ethi cs for sales, is potentially harmful, needs regulation, the school should not be the place to market their products, even though the schools say it is helping them financially.